FCA卖方承担货物交付时而非交由承运人时止的与货物有关的费用，买方承担货物交付时起的与货物有关的费用。“因为买方没有据A4指定承运人或另一人，或因为买方指定的承运人或另一人没有在约定的时间接管货物”，或者因为买方没有据B7给予“适当”的通知，货物灭失的风险期限届满日起由买方承担。新术语增加了三项内容：指定承运人或另一人；另一人没有接管货物一项；“适当的”通知。原来规定没有通知，现在规定没有适当的通知。这表明买方的责任增大，不仅要给予通知，而且还必须是适当的通知。 FAS对卖方来说没有变化。买方方面，由于该术语将出口清关由买方改为卖方，因而在风险转移方面删除了买方“没有据B2履行义务”（指自费取得进口许可）承担额外风险的规定。另外，根据B7规定，买方应给予卖方有关船名、装货位置和要求的交付时间的充分通知。新术语规定，因为买方指定的船只比“据B7通知的”而非原来文本的比规定的时间早停止装货，由此产生的额外费用由买方承担。这更符合这一术语的实质。 FOB卖方承担的风险没有变化。买方承担风险的变化与FAS相似。根据B7规定，买方应给予卖方有关船名、装货位置和要求的交付时间的充分通知。因为买方指定的船只比“据B7通知的”而非原来文本的比规定的时间早停止装货，由此产生的额外费用由买方承担。 这个是对于进出口实务方面的资料，大家可以好好看看，本人觉得用处挺大，关于ＢＥＣ考试都有一定的帮助，尤其是口语和阅读方面． General Procedures of Export and Import Transaction I. Text For most nations exports and imports are the most important international activities. Each country has to import the articles and commodities it does not itself produce, and it has to earn foreign exchanges to pay for them. It does this by exporting its own manufactured articles and surplus raw materials. Thus the import and export trades are two sides of the same coin, and both can have beneficial effects on the home market. Imports create competition for home-produced goods; exporting gives a manufacturer a larger market for his products, so helping to reduce the unit cost. In each case the effect is to keep prices in the home and market down. But there may be factors that compel governments to place restrictions on foreign trade. Imports may be controlled or subjected to a custom duty to protect a home industry, or because the available foreign exchange had to be channeled into buying more essential goods and exports, too, may re restricted, to conserve a particular raw material required by a developing home industry. These factors mean that importing and exporting are subject to a lot of formalities, such as customs entry and exchange control approval, from which the home retail and wholesale trades are free. They also mean that the procedures of foreign trade is much more complicated than that of domestic trade, the latter involves specialized knowledge and highly trained personnel. This unit tries to present a general picture and a brief introduction to export and import trades for the purpose of clarifying their complicated procedures. 2.1 Procedures of Export and Import Transaction An export or import business is so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction. Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction. From the very beginning to the end of the transaction, the whole operation generally undergoes four stages: preparing for exporting or importing, business negotiation, implementing the contract, and settlement of disputes(if any). Each stage covers some specific steps. Since the export and import trades are two sides of the same coin, and one country’s export is another country’s import, hence, we will take the procedures of export transaction in the following diagram to illustrate the general procedures of export and import transaction. Before proceeding to the following units, we’d better keep this general picture in mind. The most difficult part of exporting is taking the first step. Any exporter who wants to sell his products in a foreign country or countries must first conduct a lot of market research. Market research is a process of conducting research into a specific market for a particular product. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products can be supplied. The exporter needs to know which foreign companies are likely to use his products or might be interested in marketing and distributing the products in their country. He must think whether there is a potential for making a profit. He must examine the market structures and general economic conditions in those places. If the economy is in a recession, the demand for all products is usually decreased. So the exporter’s products might not sell well at such times. Market research mainly covers: 1) Research on the countries or regions Countries or regions with different political and economic systems hold quite different attitude toward foreign trade busi 1 2 下一页 |
