英语口语标记语的在本族语中的使用特征
1 Literature review
1.1 CDMs
In the 1970s, with the advent, establishment and development of pragmatics broadly conceived as a study of language in use, there appeared a tendency to studying discourse markers (Van Dijk, 1979). It is becoming increasingly popular to study the discourse markers. Unfortunately, it is hard to reach any agreement about their definition, classifications and pragmatic functions, since it has a variety of meanings for different researchers.
Thus CDMs have been labeled different names due to different research perspectives. Semantic conjunctions(Halliday and Hasan 1976), pragmatic connectives(Van Dijk, 1979; Stubbs, 1983), semantic conjunctions( Quirk, etal.，英语论文题目，1985) discourse particles (Schorup, 1985), pragmatic formatives (Fraser, 1987), pragmatic markers (Fraser, 1988, 1990; Schiffrin,1987), discourse connectives (Blakemore, 1987, 1992), aphetic connectives (Bazanella, 1990), discourse operators (Redeker, 1990, 1991), pragmatic expressions (Erman, 1992), cue phrases (Knott and Dale, 1994), pragmatic operators (Ariel，英语论文，1993), pragmatio partioles (Ostman, 1995), CDM(Hasselgren, 1998) eto. The multiplicity of terminology reflects diverse research interests and analytical categories, as well as difficulties in accounting them in theoretical terms.
Based on the above terminological diversity, the emphases on the study of CDMs vary in several aspects, such as the syntactic-pragmatic, semantic-pragmatic and cognitive-pragmatic aspects. But discourse marker is the most acceptable one for most of scholars. CDM, a part of discourse marker, pays more attention to oral language. For the sake of convenience and appropriateness here, the term CDMs is adopted in this thesis than others because this term is more suitable for daily conversation.
1.1.1 Definition of CDMs and features
How to define CDM, like well, oh, you know, you see, I mean, that is to say, in other words, as said etc in our daily conversation is quite hard to reach agreement. Although the study of CDMs has turned into a growth trend in pragmatics with dozens of articles appearing every year, the term has different meanings for different researchers.
References
Aijmer, K. 1987. Oh and Ah in English Conversation. In W. Meijs (ed.) Corpus linguistics and beyond. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 61-86.
Aijmer, K. 1996. Conversational routines in English[M]. London: Longman.
Aijmer, K. 2017. English Discourse Particles: Evidence from a Corpus(eds.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Allwood, J. 1996. Talspraksfrekvenser(ed). Gothbengen Paper Theoretical Linguistics 520. Department of Linguistics, Goteborg University.
Ariel, M., 1993. Pragmatic operators. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics(eds.), 3250-3253. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Bazzanella, C., 1990. Phatic connectives as intonational cues in contemporary spoken I
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