【摘要】/英语论文-ing分词和-ed分词在英语学习中经常出现,也经常用到,而且在实际运用中会碰到许多棘手的问题。笔者从-ing分词和-ed分词的性质和功能、-ing分词/-ed分词和定语从句之间的转换以及-ing分词被动式和-ed分词的比较三个方面入手对-ing分词和-ed分词进行归纳比较。 【关键词】-ing分词;-ed分词;定语从句 -ing分词和-ed分词在英语学习中是不可避免亦是非常重要的,而且在实际应用中常会碰到-ing分词能否转换为定语从句以及-ing分词被动式与-ed分词区别在哪里?等等一些棘手的问题。因此笔者就这些问题和其他一些问题从三个方面对-ing分词和-ed分词用法进行归纳比较,并以第二点-ing分词/-ed分词和定语从句之间转换以及第三点中-ing分词被动式和-ed分词比较作为重点。 一、-ing分词和-ed分词的性质和功能 1.性质- ing分词和-ed分词既具有动词的性质又具有形容词的性质,如:Learning a foreign language wasthe most rewarding experience in my life.(现在分词learning有宾语a foreign language; rewarding修饰名词experience) 2.功能 (1)分词用作表语。一些分词像convincing,fascinated等等已经变成形容词,可以有比较形式,也可以被quite等副词所修饰。有些过去分词用作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构。如:The sto-ry sounds quite convincing.又如:I was totally fas-cinated by her.在报刊上也经常见到把作表语的分词倒装置于句首,如:So excited is the crowd. (2)分词用作定语。此时大多数分词的意义都相当于一个定语从句,二者可以相互转换,它们的转换将在第二点作为重点详细叙述。 (3)分词用作状语。少数的-ing分词常放在某些形容词之前,起到相当于副词的功能,可译为“极”或“非常”,如:freezing cold极冷,burning hot极热,raving mad疯狂[3]。 (4)分词用作补语。此时分词通常和感觉动词以及使役动词(如:watch、feel、smell、have、let、keep等)之后的宾语共同构成复合宾语。如:I saw himwalking in the street.这个句子中的?ing分词表示正在进行的动作。但在这个句子He saw themanstayingwithhisdaughter.中-ing分词就不是宾语补语,而是定语。 性质和功能不是本文重点,所以只列出应注意之处或特别之处。 二、-ing分词/-ed分词和定语从句之间的转换 笔者在第一点中曾提到分词作定语时,在意思上多接近一个定语从句,因此可以相互转换,如: is a moving story. = This is a story thatmoves people.又如:China is a developing coun-try. = China is a country that is developing.但二者的转换是有条件的,转换前要注意能否转换,转换时要注意定语从句的时态等问题。下面从两个方面进行略论:分词作限制性后置修饰语与限制性联系分句的转换和分词作非限制性后置修饰语与非限制性联系分句的转换。 1.分词作限制性后置修饰语与限制性联系分句的转换 (1)-ing分词作限制性后置修饰语。如:Thegirl singing for us is my elder sister.这里的-ing分词表示一个正在进行的动作可以在联系分句中用进行时态表示,即The girl who is/ was singing forus is my elder sister.也可以根据不同语境理解为下列联系分句之一:The girl who sang/sings for usis my elder sister.或The girl who will sing/besinging for us is my elder sister.但必须注意这种转换并不代表-ing分词就是相应联系分句中的进行时的缩略形式。因为有些动词,特别是状态动词,在联系分句中不可以用进行时,却可以用-ing分词形式。如:The soup containing(=that contained;不用was containing)too much salt is harmful to peo-ple’s health. (2)-ing分词被动式作限制性后置修饰语。如:The entertainment building being built will becompleted next year.这里的-ing分词被动式表示一个正在进行的动作,在相应的联系分句中,通常仅用被动进行时表示:即The entertainment build-ing which is being built will be completed nextyear.总之,-ing分词一般都能转换成联系分句,但联系分句不一定都能转换-ing分词。像: None soblind as those who won’t see.此句不等于None soblind as those not seeing.又如: My grandfatherwas the only one who had gone to college at thattime.此句也不等于My grandfather was the onlyone having gone to college at that time.(3)-ed分词作限制性后置修饰语。如:Theboy praised by the mayor is my son.这一句与联系分句转换时-ed分词在时态限制上没有-ing分词那样严格,可以根据不同语境转换为下列联系分句之一:The boy who is (being) praised by the mayor ismy son. / The boy who was praised by the mayoris my son. / The boy who has been praised by themayor is my son. / The boy who will be praised bythe mayor is my son.但碰到联系分句的谓语是不及物动词时就不可以转换为-ed分词表示。如:Thenumber of the dead and the injured in the trafficaccident which happened last night increased to 30.然而,不及物的-ed分词之前被某些副词修饰时又可以作名词的后置修饰语。如:Some volunteershelp to reduce the number of the traffic accidentrecently happened. 2.分词作非限制性后置修饰语与非限制性联系分句的转换 |
