Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Background and motivation
When paying attention to spoken language, one might notice the frequentappearance of “small words in speech. The occurrence of well, you know, and, but, soand others is a typical speech phenomenon. These words are termed discourse markers(henceforth DMs) although there are various definitions, names and functions of themgiven by different scholars because of diverse study perspectives and objectives. Withthe development of pragmatics, interest in DMs has increased enormously since 1970s.Although there is no general agreement on the names and definitions of them, it isacknowledged that the use of DMs can greatly contribute to constraining the meaning ofutterances and facilitating the understanding of utterances. We can assume that DMsplay a significant role in communication and help to make it smooth and successful. Tocommunicate in a more natural and effective way, non-native speakers of English orEFL learners have to equip themselves with these useful words and phrases.关注口语时，人们可能会发现频繁出现的“小话在语音。发生得好，你知道的，但是，这样别人是一种典型的言语现象。这些话被称为话语标记（以下简称DMS），虽然有不同的定义，他们由不同的学者给出的名称和功能，因为不同的探讨视角和目标。为the语用发展的，利息在DMS20世纪70年代以来增加了不少。虽然没有协议，他们的名称和定义，这是公认的，使用的DMS可以大大促进制约话语的含义，便于理解的话语。我们可以假设，DMS发挥了显着的影响，沟通和帮助，使其顺利和成功。要在一个更加自然和有效的方式沟通，母语非英语或英语学习者必须充实自己，这些有用的单词和短语。However, DMs are hardly taught formally in language classroom and paid dueattention in language acquisition. From my own teaching experience, most students‘ useof DMs in their speech is inadequate. But there are still a few students who couldoccasionally draw on ―well, oh, and, but, so, etc‖ to make their speech more natural andwell- understood. That is why the advanced EFL learners who are supposed tocommunicate their viewpoints on a certain topic in speaking competitions are chosen asthe subjects to explore how important the use of DMs is in successful publiccommunication.Besides, recent studies mainly focus on the use of DMs in speaking or writing. As aspecial means of communication, public speech combines the features of written andspoken discourses. To be specific, public speech is on the one hand an act of usingspoken language to communicate with audiences at once [6] (Dance & Zak Dance,1996); one the other hand, it is often prepared before- hand and requires more formallanguage. The study of DMs in this type of discourse is few and calls for our attention.Therefore, my study will focus on the use of DMs by the advanced EFL learners inmaking prepared speeches in the setting of English speaking competitions.然而，DMS几乎没有正式教语言教室和语言习得应有的重视。从我自己的教学经验，大多数学生使用的DMS在他们的讲话是不够的。但仍有少数学生偶尔可以借鉴井，哦，，但是，这样，等“使他们的讲话更自然，更易于理解的。这就是为什么先进的英语学习者选择谁应该传达他们的观点在演讲比赛中，对某个话题为探讨对象，探究成功的公众通信使用的DMS是多么重要的。此外，最近的探讨主要集中在使用DMS在说话或写作。作为一个特殊的通信手段，英语论文网站，公开演讲书面和口头的话语相结合的特点。具体地，公共语音一方面使用口语[6]（舞蹈1996 Zak跳舞的），一个另一方面一次与观众通信的行为，英语论文范文，但它往往是制备前手并且需要更多的使用正式语言。 DMS在这种类型的话语的探讨少，值得我们注意。因此，我的探讨将侧重于使用DMS先进的英语学习者在英语口语比赛在设置稿子。
1.2 Basic concepts
1.2.1 Definition and classification of public speaking
Evolving through a fairly long historical phase, Public speaking, as a veryimportant way of communication was originally named rhetoric. Rhetoric was taughtand acquired during the educational process in Western Europe for some 2017 years.Especially in ancient Greek and Rome, it played a significant role in education.Nowadays, public speaking is more widely and frequently practiced becausecommunication and cooperation h
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