Chapter I Brief Introduction of Cooperative Principle andPoliteness Principle
1. Study of Cooperative Principle
在二十世纪开始在哲学的关注，有一个根本性的转变：，开始主宰语言全神贯注于理念和给它的“语言学转向”（罗蒂，1967年）。如GE摩尔德国G.Frege，英国和BR罗素英国哲学家当时做了很多探讨，英语论文题目，并做出了巨大贡献的合作准则。许多学者认为，必须有某种结构或语言的潜规则运行，与他们的努力，英语论文范文，“略论哲学”出现。
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a radical change in thephilosophical concern: a preoccupation with language began to dominate philosophy andgave it its “linguistic turn” (Rorty, 1967). At that time the philosophers such as G.Frege-Germany, G. E. Moore-Britain and B. R. Russell-Britain did many research andmade great contribution to the cooperative principle. Many of these scholars believed thatthere must be some kind of structures or hidden rules that run the language, with theireffort, the “analytic philosophy” appeared.
A. Background of Cooperative Principle
In the philosophical world, the analytic philosophy was the important trends at thatperiod of time. The analytic philosophy adopts two types to analyze the languages, onemethod is the ideal-language which is proposed by Russell, and the other method is theordinary-language which is supported by Moore. There are some links between the twoapproaches. Both the ideal-language approach and the ordinary approach treat thelanguage as the first thing that should be concerned in the aspect of the philosophy. Bothof the two approached mentioned that the information should be expressed clearly andthe methods used in correct way.The background is that G. P. Grice who is the American philosopher of linguisticsdelivered his famous William James Lectures at Harvard in 1967. In all of his lectures, heargued that natural languages are just as good as special logic systems for making precisestatements; the assumption that natural language expressions diverge from the logicaldevices is itself faulty and that the faulty” arises from an inadequate attention to thenature and importance of the conditions governing conversation”( Grice, 1975:43 ). TheAmerican philosopher Grice argued the Cooperative Principle and some relatedconversational maxims and many of these maxims are reflected in context of the EnglishBusiness Letters.
B. Explanation of Cooperative Principle
The listeners and the speakers can understand the meanings and convey the feelings well with these maxims, and cooperate with each other well, and to establish the goodrelationship with each other. Philosopher Kent Bach argues:We need first to get clear on the character of Grice’s maxims. They are notsociological generalizations about speech, nor they are moral prescriptions orproscriptions on what say or communicate. Although Grice presented them in the form ofguidelines for how to communicate successfully, I think they are better construed aspresumptions about utterances, presumptions that we as listeners rely on and as speakersexploit. (Bach 2017)The maxims supposed by Grice then create the communicative implicatures. Most ofthe time, the sentences in the communications have the implicated meanings, they alwayshave the deep meanings that the listeners could think over. The obvious meanings of thesentences are consistent with the maxims supposed by Grice, and the context in whichthe sentences are used seems very important to be used by the listeners to not flout thecooperative principle. The speakers and the listeners are trying very hard to understandthe implied m
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