网范文：“Immune cognition and culture” 最近亚特兰大和科恩提出了一种信息理论，适应认知原理的免疫功能和过程的模型,这是一种范式结合模式识别行为类似的中枢神经系统。这篇医学范文讲述了这一问题，亚特兰大和科恩描述免疫系统行为的认知模式，英语论文，抗原可以减少反应抗原生成的类型。即抗原的作用是免疫系统的功能定义的响应,不仅抗原是否被受体。因为反应的类型定义的意义确实是一个响应曲目,不仅是受体曲目。
科恩解释提出了免疫系统的认知范式。免疫系统可以用不同的措施对一个给定的抗原。因此我们观察的特定反应是内部流程的结果考虑。伯内特的观点是相反的，免疫反应作为一个简单的反射,它是运动认知的刺激之间的信息处理。下面的范文进行详述。
ABSTRACT
Recently Atlan and IR Cohen [17] have proposed an information-theoretic adaptation of IR Cohen’s [18, 19] ‘cognitive principle’ model of immune function and process, a paradigm incorporating pattern recognition behaviors analogous to those of the central nervous system. Atlan and Cohen [17] describe immune system behaviors of cognitive pattern recognition-and-response as follows: The meaning of an antigen can be reduced to the type of response the antigen generates. That is, the meaning of an antigen is functionally defined by the response of the immune system. The meaning of an antigen to the system is discernible in the type of immune response produced, not merely whether or not the antigen is perceived by the receptor repertoire. Because the meaning is defined by the type of response there is indeed a response repertoire and not only a receptor repertoire.
To account for immune interpretation IR Cohen [18] has proposed a cognitive paradigm for the immune system. The immune system can respond to a given antigen in various ways, it has ‘options.’ Thus the particular response we observe is the outcome of internal processes of weighing and integrating information about the antigen. In contrast to Burnet’s view of the immune response as a simple reflex, it is seen to exercise cognition by the interpolation of a level of information processing between the antigen stimulus and the immune response. A cognitive immune system organizes the information borne by the antigen stimulus within a given context and creates a format suitable for internal processing; the antigen and its context are transcribed internally into the ‘chemical language’ of the immune system. IR Cohen’s cognitive paradigm suggests a language metaphor to describe immune communication by a string of chemical signals. This metaphor is apt because the human and immune languages can be seen to manifest several similarities such as syntax and abstraction. Syntax, for example, enhances both linguistic and immune meaning. Although individual words and even letters can have their own meanings, an unconnected subject or an unconnected predicate will tend to mean less than does the sentence generated by their connection.
The immune system, in Atlan and Cohen’s view, creates a ‘language’ by linking two ontogenetically different classes of molecules in a syntactical fashion. One class of molecules are the T and B cell receptors for antigens. These molecules are not inherited, but are somatically generated in each individual. The other class of molecules responsible for internal information processing is encoded in the individual’s germline. Meaning, the chosen type of immune response, is the outcome of the concrete connection between the antigen subject and the germline predicate signals. The transcription of the antigens into processed peptides embedded in a context of germline ancillary signals constitutes the functional ‘language’ of the immune system. Despite the logic of clonal selection, the immune system does not respond to antigens as they are, but to abstractions of antigens-incontext.
As we show at length in the mathematical appendix, it is possible to give Atlan and Cohen’s language metaphor of meaning-from-response a precise information-theoretic characterization, and to place that characterization within a context of recent developments which propose the ‘coevolutionary’ mutual entrainment – in a large sense – of different information sources to create larger metalanguages containing the original as subdialects [20-25]. This work, a highly natural extension of formalism based on the Large Deviations Program of applied probability, also permits treating gene-culture and brain-culture condensations using a similar, unified, conceptual framework of information source ‘coevolutionary condensation’.
Cohen’s immune cognition 8 model suggests, then, the possibility that human culture and the human immune system may be jointly convoluted: That is, there would appear to be, in the sense of the gene-culture and brain-culture condensations of the previous section, an immune-culture condensation as well: To ‘neuroimmunology’ and ‘immunogenetics’ we add ‘immunocultural condensation.’ The evolutionary anthropologists’ vision of the world, as we have interpreted it, sees language, culture, gene pool, and individual CNS and immune cognition as intrinsically melded and synergistic. We propose, then, that culture, as embodied in a local cognitive sociocultural network, and individual immune cognition may become a joint entity whose observation may be ‘confounded’ – and even perhaps masked – by the distinct population genetics associated with linguistic and cultural isolation. The ‘decision’ of the developing immune system to switch or not switch from a Th2 to a Th1 phenotype is significantly different from the minute-tominute or day-to-day ‘immediate’ function mode of the immune system which Atlan and Cohen describe above: it takes place on a considerably longer time scale, over much of the first year of life.
The ‘chemical language’ of immediate function must, then, be collapsed – ‘integrated’ – in some manner to form a sequence of chemical signals having a non-uniquely ‘renormalized’ grammar and syntax. That is, many different functional patterns of signal on a short time scale can give the same integral. The simplest hypothesis is that the integration or renormalization period, like so much else, is determined by the 24-hour human activity pattern, which suggests, for example, linkage of the child’s developing immune system with the parental or familial cortisol-leptin cycle, which alternates over the day. Voice patterns, facial expression, pheromone emission, expressed emotion, and so on, may all play an immediate role. The cortisol-leptin cycle is worthy of some comment: Leptin, the newlydiscovered ‘fat hormone’, increases Th1 and suppresses Th2 cytokine production [26] and also stimulates proliferation and activation of circulating monocytes, and may play a direct role in inflammatory processes [27].
Leptin and cortisol have, however, a complex relation. Cortisol, an adrenal stress hormone, and leptin alternate their plasma peaks as part of the normal circadian cycle [28]. Cortisol increases can trigger answer leptin increases [29]. Glucocorticoid levels also influence plasma leptin levels [30]. Thus leptin and the adrenal hormones regulate each other: patterns of stress thus influence weight change, disease resistance, and inflammatory response. Th1/Th2 balance may be heavily influenced, in turn, by the adrenal hormone/leptin bal- ance. Stress imposed on pregnant women may result in changes fetal immune and metabolic processes, with implications for birth weight, fat metabolism and risk for cardiovascular disease and allergenic susceptibility over the life course. We suggest that the interplay of these factors over a day, and the correlational relations of renormalized or ‘rate distorted’ signals between sequences of days, constitutes no small part of the sociocultural milieu in which the child’s developing immune system reaches its decision as to Th phenotype.
The sociocultural network which envelops the child – including but not limited to parent or parents – in turn, engages in cognitive process to meet the structured challenges of threat and opportunity imposed upon it by the embedding socioeconomic system. Those challenges, to reiterate, have their own logical structure, their own grammar and syntax and, as the Appendix suggests, their powerful organization can impose itself down the nested hierarchy of interaction, to be translated, with some distortion, into the internal language of the child’s developing immune system. As the next section indicates, this is not exactly a new thought.()
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