网范文：“Contribution of information and communication technology ” 本探讨的目的是检查信息和通讯技术(ICT)的作用，此外,这篇社会范文探讨运用ICT发展分类指数，包括ICT使用，ICT访问和ICT技能。通过这一目的,需要调取中东国家在1995年至2017年收集的数据。当前的探讨结果表明,信息通信技术的发展增加了h指数。结果还表明,ICT使用和ICT技能指数较高的h指数作出积极贡献,但ICT访问的h指数的作用还不清楚。
在过去的几十年里,科技改善人类活动的生活方式，通过一个新的文明。一场新的革命发生在当下世界。ICT被定义为一个概念，包括信息设备以及计算机和软件,辅助设备连接到一台计算机。下面的范文进行详述。
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2017 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill subindices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not clear.
Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development, H-index, Middle East
INTRODUCTION
In the last decades, technology has improved the life style and made easier the human activities through a new civilization. A new revolution named Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has occurred in the present world [1]. ICT is defined as a concept including information equipment as well as computers and software, auxiliary equipment that is connected to a computer (such as calculators, cash registers, photocopiers), communications equipment, and instruments [2]. In other words, ICT is a technology with the aim of connecting computers and other communication equipment to gather, produce, process, classify, manage, create, and distribute information. After the invention of machines in 1970s, industrial revolution has been started and machines have been used instead of handworks.
However, ICT revolution and use of internet caused many structural changes [3]. As an example, the United States productivity has been revived during the late 1990s and the early 2017s because of the ICT development [4]. There are many studies introducing ICT as an important element to facilitate economic growth in both developing and developed countries [5, 6]. In addition, ICT has the potential to increase health systems through the designing new methods to prevent and detect disease [7]. Other studies confirm the dominant role of ICT in improving and modernizing the learning methods and educational systems [8, 9]. The fast progress in technology in the last two decades has reduced the cost of ICTs. In this situation, it is easier for more people to use and enjoy the advantages of ICTs [10].
Although, the key role of ICT is approved in different areas such as engineering [11], education [12], health care [13], and economy [6], its effect on the degree of scientific ranking of a country is yet unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the impact of ICT development as measured by ICT Development Index (IDI) on H-index as a proxy of scientific progress of a country. In addition, in order to shed more lights on this area, present study applies three components of ICT development namely, ICT Skill, ICT Use and ICT Access to examine the distinct impact of these components on H-index as a proxy of scientific progress of a country.
To this purpose, this study applies a multiple regression analysis on a panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2017. The current study suggests the use of H-index provided by SCImago database [14] to measure the scientific ranking of country. Based on Hirsch [15], a scientist or a group of scientists has H-index of h when h of their s has at least h citations. In other words, H-index is the number of articles with citation number higher or equal to h [15]. The H-index, which has been invented by Hirsch in 2017, proposes a simple and apparently strong measure to compare the scientific productivity and visibility of countries and institutions [16]. H-index can measure the quantity and quality of s simultaneously since the total number of published articles and the number of citations received by that articles are considered in the calculation of H-index. In addition, there are many studies, which reveal the benefits of Hindex as an appropriate and fair tool for evaluating and ranking scientists, laboratories, scientific journals, universities, institutions and countries [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Hirsch [15] proposes that H-index can be used to appraise not only the scientists but also countries and institutions. Hence, following Jacso [22], current study also uses H-index as a proxy to measure scientific ranking of countries.
ICT development The IDI, as an indicator of ICT development is computed based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which combines various indicators in order to make single value. For the first time, IDI is introduced in 2017 by Measuring the Information Society [23] and considers the degree of progress in ICTs in more than 150 countries. Composition of this indicator includes ICT Access showing infrastructure and access, ICT Skill referring to ICT skill or capability and ICT Use displaying the extent of using ICT. Required ICT data to compute the IDI is extracted from United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (USCO) and ITU. Nowadays, ICT is considered as an important factor in development of countries, which are moving towards knowledge or information-based societies. It is assumed that these countries have experienced the process of ICT development to turn into an information society. Therefore, the ITU [23] suggests the three-phase model including ICT readiness (showing the degree of networked infrastructure and ICT access), ICT intensity (showing the degree of ICT use by the society) and ICT impact (showing the result of effective and efficient ICT use).
h-index Different sources the H-index. Some of these sources are subscription-based sources such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) and some of them are free access sources such as Harzing's Publish or Perish program on the basis of Google Scholar entries. It should be noted that these sources different H-index for the same institution, country and scholar because of their different coverage. For example, WoS covers a high range of published journals while it does not cover high impact conferences. Although, the coverage of publications in Scopus is poor prior to 1996, it covers conferences properly. Documents in Google Scholar receive more citations in comparison with those in Scopus and WoS. It is argued that Google Scholar has the most coverage of journals and conferences particularly those published after 1990 [26]. The current study collects the required data on H-index for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2017, from SCImago database [14]. The SCImago Journal and Country Rank website presents the journal and country scientific indicators based on the information included in the Scopus database.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we first estimate Equation 1, which explores the impact of ICT development on H-index as a proxy of country’s scientific ranking. Then, applying the three ICT subindices, this study presents the estimation results for Equation 2, which is corresponding to the effect of ICT development sub-indices on Hindex.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
This focuses on examining the effect of ICT development on the scientific degree of 14 Middle East countries as proxied by H-index. The results of the regression analysis show that ICT development has a positive and significant effect on the H-index of these countries. Moreover, applying the ICT development sub-indices, this study finds that ICT Use and ICT Skill might have positive effects on H-index but the effect of ICT Access is not clear since its corresponding coefficient is not statistically significant. Therefore, we can conclude that ICT induces outcomes that leads to higher H-index values and raises the scientific level of sample countries. In this situation, policy makers should aim increasing the level of ICT development through increasing its indicators including fixed and mobile telephone lines, international Internet bandwidth, proportion of households with a computer and Internet access, Internet users, fixed and mobile broadband Internet subscribers, adult literacy rate, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratios.()
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