这篇讲的是，安乐死和医生协助自杀是非常具有争议的，据探讨，1999年，只有百分之十一的患者有他们的活下去的意志，四分之一的治疗医生忽略了有生命意志的患者。是时候采取行动了，英语毕业论文，把安乐死的调控成为法学。这样做的结果是，患者会更了解自己，而不是盲目地听从医生的意见。医生们也不必担心他们的诉讼引起的一种协助自杀。在以后生活中，人们可以拒绝他们的理性选择，所以人们应该投票建立这一制度。
The controversy of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide make some people well-known and Dr. Jack Kevorkian is one. He is a retired doctor living in Michigan, who has helped more than one hundred and fifty patients end their lives from 1990 to 1998. At the same time, he was accused as murder four times and ended up with being not guilty. Best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide, he was often known by the nickname "Dr. Death", and famously said, "Dying is not a crime". Despite the controversy discussion about the action of Jack, he compelled the process of euthanasia justification through his own manners. Despite American are restricted by a strong Christmas tradition and even intend to regard a suicide guilty, his actions contribute to people’s recognition of suicide and physician-assisted suicide. However, before more discussion about it, people should review some basic concepts of this field.
Euthanasia is the most common method of a suicide as well as the most controversy one. It is originated from a Greek word, εὐθανασία, which is a combination of two words, well and death. The historian Suetonius first used the term "euthanasia" to describe how the Emperor Augustus, "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for." Euthanasia can be sorted into different types, including voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. Non-voluntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is usually considered murder. Euthanasia is the most active area of research in contemporary bioethics. Physician-assisted suicide, is usually happening in voluntary or non-voluntary euthanasia and debated by researchers. It begins acceptable step by step and is reasonable from a rational viewpoint. Besides, some dilemmas are also solved in this way.
The physician-assisted suicide, actually, could also be categorized in different ways. According to the goals of American euthanasia movement , a passive euthanasia is stopping the treatment following the volition of patients in order to release the pain of these patients and a positive euthanasia is accelerating the death of patient by offering poison following the requirement of the patients. The whole society debates for the evaluation of it. Opposite words come from human emotion as well as concern about abuse, whereas supporters claim their worldly persuasions. From a general consideration, supporters gain the upper hand and have a tendency to justify it. Legislation, in fact, is a better way to balance the opposite and sustaining.
The involvement of laws eliminates the possibility of abuse and other by-products. It is an insurance mechanism which makes the procedure complete and reasonable. By regulating the qualification of doctors who apply assisted suicides, qualification of the applicators who intend to end their lives and justice of the procedure, the laws can guarantee a protecting mechanism in order to set a protection for the people with incurable diseases and keep leaks from ordinary people. For example, the principle sets the condition in which doctors are allowed to remove devices of keeping life. It can also limit the actions of keeping life in supplying nutrient solution and water. In addition, patients must suffer in the later period of their life if they have full capacity. Besides, there are some warranted codes applied: follow the permission of patients, doctors and hospitals; the prospect of the patients’ life is less than a certain period; no one can assists suicide forward the schedule and so on. All of the above makes up nearly impeccable codes to make the worry of the opposite release and restrict some extreme actions after the permission of a physician-assisted suicide. On the other hand, it realizes the goal of supporters and guarantee their right to have a digit death.
When talking about setting and application of the legislation, an analysis which measures the cost and opposition and evaluates the benefits is necessary. Thus the next part focuses on the evaluation. In the beginning, an ideological trend stimulates people to claim their death right after the World War two. The appearance of black people’s right movement, new left movement, feminist movement and anti-tradition movement shake conservatism of American in 1950s. It even impacts the ideology and policy of America. John Rawls holds an ultimate freedom of society in his A Theory of Justice and regards it as the essential goodness. Free only to freedom's sake is limited. A political scientist, Ronald Dworkin, also makes his point that a physician-assisted suicide should be legalized as well as being admitted by the constitution. People have the right protected by the constitution to make a serious decision which is not intervened by the court, legislating system and other willingness. Scholars’ inclination also dominates the trend among American. The laws regulating euthanasia follow people’s idea and functions as the insurance of co-determined social traditions.
When it comes to the advance of technology, there will be more reasons for us to set a regulation. Modern medical technology has a revolutionary improvement so that people can extend their lives and change their methods of death. The increase of medical fee accompanies this progress. The application of new antibiotic drugs, CT and transplanting of human organ makes American extend the life of a patient like the god for several months, years and even tens of years. Modern technologies give people an illusion about opening the door of immortality. These methods change the meaning of a traditional death and transform a personal death into a non-natural accident. Medical techniques lead to the appearance of new dying ways. Physician-assisted suicide exemplifies it perfectly. The treatment intending to have patients live longer contributes to two serious results: the patients and their relatives lose the right to choose the death or treatment for medical system’s enforcement; patients are sacrificed for the profits of the medical system. In 1980, later period patients, which is only five percent of American patients, spend about thirty-five percent medical fee of the federal government. People begin to realize that doctors are equal to bloodsuckers. In this circumstance, it is necessary to set a regulating system by which the government solves the huge cost in medical area and people should rely on the law. Legislation can release the collision between patients and hospitals or other medical systems. The relationship between them, in this way, is going to recover.
The benefits listed above have to face the final obstacle which keeps in people’s mind, a religious tradition, but the reality forces American to make a choice. Some of them compromise with the world and accept a physician-assisted suicide. However, people lack the knowledge about the application of life wills to decide a treatment. According to the research in 1999, only eleven percent patients had their life wills and in a quarter of all treatments doctors ignored the life wills of patients. It is the time to take actions and put the regulation of euthanasia into law. As a result, patients will know more about their own right instead of following doctors’ advice blindly. Doctors also do not need to worry about their lawsuit caused by an assisted suicide. The cost for later life people can decline for their rational choices. All must be better for an insurance and peoples should vote for building this system.
Wells, Samuel; Quash, Ben (2017). Introducing Christian Ethics. John Wiley and Sons. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4051-5276-1.
Philippe Letellier, chapter: History and definition of a Word, in Euthanasia: Ethical and human aspects By Council of Europe
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