这篇表明：当前中国仍然是一个农业国家,农业经济学显然在我们国民经济中起着重要影响。从一开始的中国文明建立新中国,戏剧性的变化发生在农业。此外,新中国成立以来,中国经济快速发展和农业为基础的经济也持续发展,因为一些重要的系统改革如土地改革，农业改革农业合作社运动以及全面实施家庭1983年合同制度等。
At present China is still an agricultural country and agricultural economics obviously plays a great role in our national economy. From the beginning of Chinese civilization to the establishment of New China, dramatic changes took place in agriculture. In addition, since the establishment of New China, China’s economy has seen rapid development and the agriculture as the foundation of our economy is also sustained development because of several important system reforms shown as follows.
The first phrase was the agrarian reform. As early as the period of democratic revolution, rural people began on the struggle for freedom and democracy. In June 1950, the central government of New China promulgated the “Agrarian Reform Law of the People’s Republic of China”, which was a symbol and manifestation of the “Outline Land Law of China” published during the period of people’s war of liberation. There occurred a gigantic land reform from southeastern to northwestern, and the demands of poor peasantry were satisfied. The incredible land reform broke away with feudal exploitation, which existed for over two thousand years, and confiscated property of landlords in order to implement the farmer land ownership. By the winter of 1952, the agrarian reform was basically completed, except in some minority areas. It could obvious notice change from peasants’ daily life. The reform proved to be a milestone in the history of agricultural development. It not only eliminated landlord class, but also relieved poor peasants of their backbreaking labor and let them turn over to be the leading class in order to boost to the economy in New China. Additionally, this reform created favorable conditions for the socialist transformation and construction in New China.
The second important agricultural reform was the agricultural cooperative movement, also called collectivization of agriculture. The process would be distributed into three phases. The first step was from October 1949 to 1953, carried out with mutual-aid teams. In September 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China convened the first mutual-aid team meeting, and the deputies discussed and passed the draft decision of mutual-aid and agricultural production. By the end of 1952, there were over 8.3 million agricultural mutual-aids and cooperation organizations with over 40% peasants participated in agricultural cooperatives. Since then, the country made great efforts to agriculture of the cooperative movement. However, from 1954 to 1955, when the second step began, some local government forced peasants to join in their agricultural cooperatives in order to improve their performance. A decline in voluntary could be seen from every statistic concluded at that time. The central government presented reestablishment rules and regulations immediately, so as to narrow down speed of mutual-aid cooperatives and compulsive policy. From 1955 to the end of 1956, a socialist transformation basically completed and the social structure has undergone tremendous changes by accompanying the mutual-aid cooperatives in rural areas. In the third step, from 1956 to 1960, the Great Leap Forward began. The Campaign of People’s Commune was the consequence of the Great Leap Forward in 1958. The commune, which was the form of organization of life and work in a collective, had the highest regimented in rural areas. Commune usurped peasants’ right and broke principle of distribution on the basis of labor. Although this champion reduced enthusiasm of production, the period from 1950 to 1960 was still a watershed time in national history. The mutual-aid cooperatives, which transferred private ownership to public ownership and finished collective operation, could be the greatest method to increase in productivity after the establishment of New China.
The third momentous reform was the full implementation of the household contract system in 1983. By drawing lessons from the Great Leap Forward, the party central committee realizes that it did important to focus on the principle of collective ownership, but also important to change the mode of traditional agricultural management. As a result, family contract responsibility system took place of communes. The contracted term for operation was to be agreed upon in the land use contracts and every contract family should take responsibility for its own profits and losses. However, central government promoted “household-contract responsibility system” and rural land has been held by individual families, the land has remained “collectively” owned though. The policy of taking full responsibility for a task helped to heighten the peasants’ enthusiasm and pushed forward the development of agricultural economy after the reform and opening-up.
Throughout Chinese agricultural development, rural economy experienced a fluctuation but still had a steady rise tendency on the whole. With the establishment of New China, rural economy gained rapid restoration and development. In 1952, agricultural production has already returned to the historic level. As data shows above, the movement of cooperative transformation of agriculture and rural commune demonstrated the positive result between 1952 and 1965, grain yield of China increased except the year of Great Leap Forward Movement. In addition, rural commune guaranteed farmers’ basic life rights and interests effectively, which promoted the stable and harmonious development rural society and economy. According to a survey, there was about triple the number of agricultural or forestry colleges in 1966 than that in 1949, and the number of undergraduates in1966 were six times more than that in 1949, with 53 colleges and over 60 thousand students in the spring of 1966. More and more students chose agriculture as their major, which offered more professional and technical personnel to agricultural economic development. Furthermore, household responsibility system not only freed production but also brought a significant increase in 1988. The output of the rural society reached 1253.5 billion, and the total values of agriculture (except village-run industrial facilities) were 586.5 billion by the end of 1988. The share of agriculture increased steadily in the national economy.
Nowadays, although agriculture is still the fundamental industry in China, science and technology have become increasingly important, developing agricultural science and technology strongly and making it transform to productivity are the basic method to develop agricultural economy sustainably. Accordance with a national survey, rural peasants’ per capita income increased 30%, with 4140 (net revenue) in 2017 and 134 (net revenue) in 1978. What is more, peasants do not rely on single-most-important produce, such as rise and corn, any more. Using elaborate technique can increase crops in species, while enhance quality and quantity. After 60 years of hard working, especially 30 years of reform and opening-up, historic changes have taken place in rural agricultural economy. The regulation of agricultural structure promotes the growth of agriculture output, because the level of scientific, technological and cultural quality of agriculture laborers are enhancing continuously. The rapid development of facility agriculture in China provides help as well. In the meanwhile, the boost of agriculture total output will increase the national economic growth as well as social wealth. It is easy to conclude that Chinese agricultural economy will rise continuously as well as steadily.
Works Cited
People’s Education Press and Course Education Institute,History(compulsory II), Guangdong Education Publishing House，英语论文，英语毕业论文，2017-07-03
The development of Chinese modern agriculture exploration and thinking, Chinese academy of science, 2017-10-14 〈〉
Zhao yu, The direction of Chinese modern agriculture development, Exploring and reality, 2017 No.3
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