分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词在句中有两种功能形式：谓语形式和非谓语形式。作为谓语形式，现在分词和助动词be一起构成进行时态。过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和助动词have (has)一起构成现在完成时态。例如：He is typing a letter.他正在打一封信。English is spoken in many countries in the world.世界上许多国家用英语。I have read this book before .我以前读过这本书。 A stone bridge is being built in the park.公园正在建一座石桥。作为非谓语形式，分词（现在分词和过去分词）的影响相当于形容词和副词，但它们却仍然保留动词的基本特征，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语一起构成分词短语。分词和分词短语都可以在句中充当状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。下面就分词在句中所起的主要句法影响和分词的几种特殊搭配形式做一下基本略论。
一、分词的主要句法影响 （一）作状语Being unable to answer the question, be blushed.回答不出这个问题，他脸红了。Having cleaned the rooms, she began to washclothes.打扫完房间以后，她开始洗衣服。Talking and laughing, a group of students cameinto the classroom.学生们又说又唱直进了教室。Heated，the metal expands. 金属加热时就会膨胀。The teacher stood there，surrounded by manystudents.老师站在那儿，身旁围着许多学生。（二）作表语This story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。The visitors looked surprised .参观者看起来很惊奇。Hearing that, jack got very excited . 听到那件事，杰克很激动。My elder brother is married .我哥哥已经结婚了。现在分词作表语和动名词作表语的区别：作表语的动名词和句子主语间可以划一个等号，也就是说，主语和作表语的动名词指的是一回事。而作表语的现在分词与句子的主语之间不能划等号，它和形容词一样，只说明主语的特征和状况。例如：His job is teaching English. (his job=teaching.English，teaching是动名词)他的工作是教英语。Seeing is believing.(seeing=believing，这两个词都是动名词)眼见为实。This news is really inspiring.(inspiring≠this news，inspiring是现在分词)这消息确实鼓舞人心。（三）作定语China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。Professor Li is a returned overseas Chinese.李教授是一位归国华侨。Is there anything interesting yin today’newspapers？今天的报纸上有令人感兴趣的消息吗？The man sitting by the window is our math steacher. 靠窗坐着的那个男人是我们的数学老师。现在分词和动名词作定语的区别：作定语的现在分词与它所修饰的名词之间，在逻辑上有主谓联系，也就是说它修饰的词是它的逻辑主语；而作定语的动名词与它所修饰的词之间没有逻辑上的主谓联系。此外，现在分词可以扩大为分词短语和定短语从句，而动名词则不能。例如：97There is a waiting car outside .(waiting是现在分词，the waiting car就是a car which is waiting ) 外边有辆小汽车在等着。This is the waiting room.(waiting 是动名词，thewaiting room就是room for waiting )这就是候车室。（四）作宾语补足语I found the little girl standing under the tree .我发现那个小姑娘正在树下站着。You should make your opinion known . 你应该让别人知道你的看法。I am sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time .很抱歉，让你久等了。With the weather changed ,we decided to put offthe sports meet.由于天气变化，我们决定延期举行运动会。
二、分词独立结构 分词和分词短语在句中作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须和句子在主语一致。例如：Opening the door, I saw nobody in . 打开房门，我发现里边没有人。The man was walking along the river，followed by alovely dog .那个男人正沿着河散步，后边跟着一只可爱的小狗。但分词和分词短语有时可以有自己的逻辑主语，与句中的主语不一致，英语论文网站，这种名词或代词（主格）加分词的形式叫做分词的独立结构。例如：The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shoneagain .乌云散了，太阳又出来了。Everything being ready，we got down to work.一切就绪，我们就开始认真工作。Weather permitting，英语论文，we’ll set out this afternoon.如果天气好，今天下午我们就动身。The question being settled，let’s go to have ourlunch.问题解决了，咱们去吃午饭吧。Tomorrow being a holiday，I want to go shopping.明天是假日，我要去购物。
三、带With的分词独立结构分词 独立结构可以和With 连用，相当于一个介词短语。在这种结构中，with 没有实际意义。这种结构在句中一般用作方式、伴随、原因或条件状语，有时也可作定语。例如：I like sleeping with all the windows open. 我喜欢所有的窗户开着睡觉。With all the cloches to wash, I will be very busytoday. 因为有衣服要洗，我今天非常忙碌。With the boy leading the way，they had no difficultyin finding the house. 有这个男孩带路，他们找到房子没有困难。With her homework finished, the girl went out toplay. 作业完成后，这个女孩出去玩耍了。Tom left the room with the light on. 汤姆离开了房子，灯还亮着。The teacher came into the classroom with somebooksunder hisarm. 老师走进了教室，腋下夹着几本书。
四、分词短语构成的固定词组 |
