|
状语从句是英语从句的一种,是以句子形式出现的状语。根据所表达的意义,可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句等等。作为英语语法论文主句的一个组成部分,状语从句可以放在句首、句中或句末。为了学习和熟练掌握状语从句的用法,现在就状语从句的位置、表达效果、引导状语从句的特殊连词、与状语从句相关的倒装和与状语从句相关的的省略形式等几个方面进行简单略论。 1. 状语从句的位置及表达效果 许多状语从句的位置比较灵活,尤其是表示时间、让步、条件、原因等意义的状语从句。这些状语从句即可放在句首(如:While the teacher explained the text,the students listened attentively and took notes当老师讲解课文时,学生们专心听讲并且做笔记),也可放在句末(如:I was persuaded to do the job,even if /even though I did not want to.即使我不想做此项工作,别人也劝我做此项工作),根据需要,甚至可以按插在主句的主要句子成分之间(如:It was because he was careless that he failed or It was because he was ill that he did not go with us)。但是,从文体的角度来看,状语从句的位置不同,表达效果会有一定异同。若将从句放在主句之前,容易形成掉尾句(In order that he should not wake up his wife, he came quietly为了不惊醒他的夫人,他静静地进来),即把说话重心放在句尾的句子;若将从句放在主句之后,容易形成松弛句(I’ll buy it on condition that the goods are of good quality.我将买这种货物条件是货物的质量要好),即将说话重心放在句子开头的句子.应用得当,前者可以制造悬念,引人入胜,发人深省,后者开门见山,轻松自然,流畅易懂。 2. 引导状语从句的特殊连词 状语从句一般需要连词来引导。但是有些连词从外形上看和普通的名词短语无异同,因而很容易造成误解或错用,应该特别注意。如一些与时间概念相关的短语,均可直接引导状语从句,可以不再借助其他词语或结构,这些短语称为短语连词(phrasal conjunction),主要有表示“一......就......”含义的the instant(如:The instant the militiamen heard the alarm, they fell in for action.民兵们一听到警报,立即集合准备行动), the minute(I’ll tell him the minute ( that) he comes他一来我就告诉他), the moment(The enemy plane was shot down the moment it intruded into our air space这架敌机一侵入我国领空就被击落)等。还有些副词可以直接用作连词来指导状语从句,如:directly(He made for the door directly he heard the knock一听见敲门声他就跑去开门),instantly(I recognized her instantly I saw her我一见她就把他认出来了), immediately(We held a meeting to sum up our experiences immediately we finished the work工作一结束,我们就立即开会总结经验),此三词均表示“一......就......”之意。还有,极少数动词的现在分词和过去分词形式均可用作连词,而且意义相同,如:Providing/Provided that they think they are getting a bargain they will buy clothes they will never wear,furniture they have no space for。只要他们觉得他们捡了便宜货,就会买来永远不会穿的衣服和没有地方放的家具。),其中的provided or providing(that)均表示“倘若”;如:Granted /granting that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn’t mean he is going to do so.倘若他有钱买房子,并不意味着他将要买房子,此句中的granted or granting(that)均表示“即使,假定”。这四个词后的that可有可无,保留时文体上回显得更加正式。 3. 与状语从句相关的倒装 与状语从句相关的倒装一般有以下两种情况,一是由某些引导词本身用法的需要(主要是为了强调),如连词as, though,that在引导让步状语从句时,例句:Rich as he is, he is not happy.虽然他很富有,但是他并不幸福;Child as he is, he knows much about the way of the world.尽管他只是个小孩,他很懂人情世故。以上两个例句中的as均可由though或that替换,意义不变,但是不能由although替换。有时,某一句子含有表示时间的搭配,这种情况下,若是加强语义,主句中采取倒状语序,如:Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他一到,她就开始抱怨起来。(若不是出于强调,该句可以直接说成:He had hardly arrived when she started complaining)。第二种情况是在由连词if引导的虚拟条件句中,可将if省略而将从句采取倒装语序,这样可使语体更加正式和庄重,如:Had it not been for your commitment, our company would not have experienced such business prosperity.若没有你们的支持,我们企业不会有如此繁荣的景象。 4. 与状语从句有关的省略 英语状语从句有关的省略,除了上文倒装所涉及的第二种情况外,主要还有以下两种情况:一是为了使句式简洁,而省去某些句子成分,往往是句中的主语(甚至连带谓语),如连词as if之后便可以将主语连同谓语一起省略,如:He opened his mouth as if to say something.他张嘴似乎要说什么。另外一种情况是在含有状语从句的句子中(多数情况下与虚拟语气的用法有关),有时可以直接将主句或从句省略,相应地只保留从句或主句,只保留从句的如:uppose a tiger should come out of the forest?要是森林里走出一只老虎来呢(此时连词suppose的含义为“假使......结果怎样”)? If only Dad could see me now!要是爸爸现在能看到我那有多好(此时if only的含义为“要是......多好”)!如:If only he arrives in time!他要是能准时到达就好啦! As if you were my superior!好象你是我的顶头上司!以上的省略往往已成为习惯用法,没有必要将省略的内容补充完整,而且有时侯,也用具体的词语来说明到底省略了什么。只有保留主句的情况也不乏其例,如: Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin’s childhood.狄更斯或许创造查理.卓别林的童年故事。(《新视野大学英语读写教程》第三册,30页),这句话可以这样补充完整:Dickens might have creat，英语论文网站，英语论文 |
