【摘 要】连系动词look,seem,appear在用法上容易混淆。为了帮助初学者准确把握连系动词look,seem,appear的用法,文章从词义、用法和接表语时区别三个方面进行辨析。
look,seem,appear三个词在作连系动词用时,意思有许多相似之处,用法上也有许多相同之处。因此,初学者常常将三者混为一谈。其实三者无论是在意思上还是用法上都是有一些区别的。为了帮助学生更好地掌握这三个词的用法,笔者将对其作一简单归纳。
一 look,seem,在词义上的差异look,seem,appear三个词作连系动词用时都有“看起来象”、“好像”、“似乎”之意。但是,它们所表达的含义还是有区别的。
1、look一般指人们所能见到的外表或外貌,目所能及,着重指由视觉得出的印象,且常常是指那些使人看起来是比较正确的印象,包含有“事实就是那样”的意思。如:How do I look in this dress ?’You lookvery nice (in it .)“我穿这件连衣裙怎么样?”“挺好看。”
2、seem则指根据外表的情况来看“好像”、“似乎”,往往表达的是有一定根据的判断,并不仅仅局限于由视觉得出的印象。如;She seems happy (to me).(我看)她好像很愉快。It seems( to me )(to be )the best solution. (依我看)这似乎是最好的解决办法。
3、appear强调从表面上看“好像”、“似乎”,一般指某人某事的外表给人的印象,这时近于seem。要注意的是,有时它涉及的可能是一种错误的表象,此时,它常含有“实际上并非如此”的意思,这是seem所不能取代的。如:The streets appeared deserted .街上似乎行人绝迹。Don’t make him appear a fool .别把他弄得像个傻子似的。
二 look,seem,appear在用法上的差异
1、用法上的相同点。look,seem,appear这三个词作连系动词用时,后面都要求带表语。一般说来,三个词后面都可以接形容词、分词、名词、介词短语、不定式或as if从句等作表语。如:He looked very tired but was still cheerful.(形容词)他看起来很累,但他仍然很高兴。The school looks closed.(分词)学校看来关了门。The old man looks a kind man.(名词)这老头看上去是个善良人。Bamboo looks more like a tree.(介词短语)竹子看起来象一棵树。It looks as if we shall have to walk from here.(asif从句)。看起来好象我们只能从这儿走。He looks to be a young man of twenty.他看上去就象个二十岁的青年人。(不定式)Everything seemed easy.(形容词)一切似乎很容易。They seemed surrounded by us.(分词)他们似乎109被我们包围了。There seems no need to go now.(名词)似乎没有必要现在就去。It seems like years since I last saw you.(介词短语)自从上次跟你见面后好象很久没见到你了。It seems as if it is going to rain.(as if从句)看来快要下雨了。Jim seemed quickly to wake out of his trance.(不定式,一般形式)吉姆的手很快从恍惚中清醒过来。I seem to have caught a cold.(不定式完成形式)我似乎着凉了。Several people in the crowd seemed to be fighting.(不定式进行形式)人群中似乎有几个人在打架。You seem to be in a great hurry.(to be)你看起来很匆忙。If the sky appears blue to us on earth ,it is be-cause the earth’s atmosphere scatters a certain numberof sunlight.(形容词)如果说我们从地面上看天空是蔚蓝的,那是因为地球的大气层扩散了太阳光中某些蓝色的光。Everybody appeared well prepared.(分词)看来大家都准备好了。He tired to appear at his ease.(介词短语)他装出安详自若的样子。He appears to be your friend but doubt if he is.(不定式一般形式)他看起来好象是你的朋友,不过我怀疑。He appeared to be talking to himself.(不定式进行形式)他看起来在自言自语。He appeared not to have heard what had beensaid.(不定式完成形式)他看来好象没听见人们说的话。It appears as if she’s lost interest in her job.看起来她对她自己的工作已失去了兴趣。
2、look,seem,appear用法上的差别。(1)接形容词作表语时,如果seem, appear之后所接的是表语形容词,那么在seem,appear之后一般应先带上不定式to be,如He seems to be afraid(asleep).他看来害怕了(睡着了)。This road appearsto be endless.这条路看来是没有尽头的。(2)三个词后均可接不定式作表语,但在look之后,所接不定式表语只能是to be的形式,(如接to do形式,则是“期待、盼望”的意思。如We look to haveimmediate success.我们期待马上成功。)(3)look, seem都可以跟like引导的介词短语作表语,appear则不可。我们可以说look like, seemlike,但不可说appear like。如It looks like salt and it is salt .那看着像盐,也的确是盐。
It seemed like a disaster at the time .在当时那就像是一场灾难。(4)seem, appear后可带that引导的从句,而look则不可。如It seemed that they had lost something.(从句)似乎他们丢了什么。It seemed to him that he had worked sohard in his life.他仿佛觉得他一生中从没有这么努力工作过。It appears to me that you are all mistaken.(从句)我似乎感到你完全错了。(5)seem, appear作为连系动词不可用于进行时态中,而look则可以。如Mr Brown is looking a bit pale today.布朗先生的脸色今天看起来有点苍白。seem, appear不能这样用,但它们后所带的不定式却可以是进行时态。如He seems to be enjoying himself.他看起来玩得很高兴。He appeared to be talking to himself.他好像在自言自语。通过对连系动词look,seem,appear三个词用法的辨析,有助于英语学习者了解look,seem,appear三个词的差异,准确把握look,seem,appear三个词的用法。
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