网范文：“Epidemiology through cellular automata ” 本文利用细胞的动态模型计算略论空间流行病学。这篇生物范文探究细胞及其运用，来略论传染性疾病,通过调查印尼禽流感疾病。计算模型是建立和使用地图的仿真执行，英语论文网站，英语论文题目，使用几个简化的数据。最初的地方是北加浪岸,西爪哇,东爪哇,几个地区。模拟的结果显示，流感通过隔离受感染的地区，可能防止流行病的传染。
作为一个农业大国,2017年的开始印尼全国各地数以百万计的家禽死亡,家禽疾病被认为是常见的疾病,然而,事实上这种疾病是由于一种变异的流感病毒造成,甚至危害人类。有几种禽流感于1997年首次发现在香港。据报道18位公民感染6人死亡。下面的范文进行详述。
Abstract
This performs the utilization of cellular automata computational analysis as the dynamic model of spatial epidemiology. Here, explored elementary aspects of cellular automata and its application in analyzing contagious disease, in this case avian influenza disease in Indonesia. Computational model is built and map-based simulation is performed using several simplified data of such transportation through sea in Indonesia, and its accordance with poultries in Indonesia, with initial condition of notified avian influenza infected area in Indonesia. The initial places are Pekalongan, West Java, East Java, and several regions in Sumatera. The result of simulation is showing the spreading-rate of influenza and in simple way and describing possible preventive action through isolation of infected areas as a major step of preventing pandemic.
Key Words: epidemiology, cellular automata, spatial model, avian influenza, Indonesia
Background
As an agricultural country, the beginning of the year 2017 gave a surprise on death of millions of chickens throughout the country – at first, the disease was regarded as common poultry disease, yet in fact the disease is a result of the activity of a kind of mutant influenza virus that even deadly to human. Ever since November 2017, there have been 5 millions of chickens died as the result of this virus activity in Indonesia. There are few kinds of avian influenza (avian influenza), which first detected in Hong Kong in the year 1997 – it was ed 18 citizens positively infected with 6 of them died. In virology, this virus was reviewed in Hatta & Kawaoko (2017). Before the issue spreads in Indonesia, the disease that primarily infecting chicken has been widely a hot gossip in the opening January 2017 in some neighbor countries i.e.: Thailand and Vietnam.
As noted by the World Health Organization WHO (2017), the virus attacks human through poultry animals – especially human in the area of poultry aviary. There has not been case showing virus transmission from human to human. In a glance, this epidemic may be looked simple, since human transmission could only occur through intensive interaction with infected poultry. Furthermore, this influenza virus cannot transmit to human through eating the cooked since the cooked one will soon be penalized by certain temperature – like the other influenza virus. Yet, of course, this human infection limitation cannot be ignored since the large number of Indonesian employees working, even live in the poultry areas (chickens, ducks, etc.).
Epidemic Automata
Epidemiology enriched by cellular automata analysis is an interdisciplinary synthetic approach between bio-mathematic and dynamic computational simulation. Interdisciplinary approach is urgently needed to understand the spreading of a disease in a social system. As explained by Angulo (1997) that interdisciplinary approach on epidemics basically should acquire analytical tools in biology, social-behavioral, geography in spatial approach, mathematics and computation, even economy and cultural analysis. This awareness has brought us into endeavor on differing the two approaches that can bring us to the synergetic of biomathematics and computational sociology approach.
Epidemiology is a discourse of the spreading disease or in deeper meaning the spreading of elementary foundation of social system. The spreading disease in certain area or locally is called as endemic, and if it spreads to several level of endemics should be called as epidemic. The large (world) scale of epidemic is called as pandemic. Epidemiology is an integral approach over nature, social sanitation, economy, even military, which makes epidemiology discussion become a very extensive discussion. In other words, modeling in epidemiology needs many approaches over living organism ecology holistically. In major, epidemiology discusses how living organisms can survive within their ecosystem.
Nowadays epidemiology has known numerous disease-spreading models. One of the famous models is the stochastic model, such as model of Kermack and McKendrick (Bartholomew, 1982:248-272). This elaboration result is then verified with the result of our experimental simulation within the second section of the . The usual innovation epidemiological model distinguishes the susceptibility of automaton to be approached by a disease, get infected, and then recover or died – this model is known with SIRS model (computational elaboration for this model can be reviewed in Piyawong, et.al., (2017). Epidemiology model using cellular automata is a model that focuses on spatial spreading of a disease. Means, this perspective tries to grasp structure of the spreading occurs to be then simulated computationally.
It is important to note that the main goal of the is to give description of the diffusion rate of infected area from avian influenza virus, which in fact also brings disaster to human. Before we discuss about medication or other curative action, it is important to reduce the diffusion rate before it becomes pandemic. The main advice suggested to view interdisciplinary complication in the case of avian influenza epidemiology is isolation of detected avian influenza and immediate medical research to have deep knowledge on this virus through medical research, virology, sanitation, etc. Areas that are extremely necessary focus on are poultry areas, market area that provide living poultry, through noticing distribution route of all commodities related to poultry, be it cages, germ/egg, woof, etc. All form of suggestions or warning and self-help information about avian influenza apparently cannot reduce the risk of simultaneous diffusion. Infected people or high risk of infection people should be handled in centralistic way by health and poultry instances and other proper instances.
Concluding Remarks
This has shown spatial epidemiology using cellular automata tool. Cellular automata computational tool are giving assistance in understanding the disease spreading by noticing any elements related with the epidemic disease. This shows how important interdisciplinary approach in theoretical construction and constituting policy, in this case, epidemiology. From the simulation carried out and model constructed, it is obvious that avian influenza epidemic case is an interesting and unique case, regarding to the indirect route of virus to infect human – yet frantically and rapidly attack animals that are close to human and social system where human live. The simulation also showed epidemiology discourse should be put more on priority than curative action since the spreading rate is very high. Isolation of poultry and animal domestication area, monitoring market that trading living animals and distribution of poultry that is high-risk on bringing the virus needs to be major priority. In addition, educational training and self-help suggestion should not be the center or focus to repress the virus diffusion. Avian influenza can disrupt sustainability of human life, moreover the high mutation probability – as this can increase virus ability, its vicious that threaten human life sustainability. Other aspect that also disturbed is economy, regarding the huge number of labor force in national poultry industries.()
网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文作品权归所有；未经官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯作品权现象，保留一切法学追诉权。()
更多范文欢迎访问我们主页 当然有需求可以和我们 联系交流。-X()
|
