网范文：“ On Massive Conflict: Macro-Micro Link” 微观和宏观社会系统的属性，应被视为相对两极的二维连续体，转向系统将讨论两个级别的描述。这是看到大规模的社会冲突，一贯使用的视角。这篇社会范文中，利用计算机模拟略论新兴冲突。我们构造一个动态模型，基于大规模冲突的主张，基于个人的隶属程度，集体认同是否需要动员。模拟结果的可能性，建议如何应对大规模冲突甚至来解决它。
这篇范文讲的是一个更全面的措施，努力如何应对冲突探讨和理论发展。大规模的冲突是一个复杂的问题,往往发生在缺乏社会经济稳定的社会。人民的和平生活一般不会存在巨大的冲突。
Abstract
Micro and macro properties of social system should be taken as relative poles of a two dimensional continuum since every debate on social system will however shift to the discussion on the two levels of description. This is consistently used as perspective to see massive social conflict. We propose analysis of the emerging conflict on its micro-causations by using computer simulations. We construct a dynamical model based on some propositions on massive conflict based upon the individual’s degree of membership to collective identity she has whether to mobilize or not. The simulations result the possibilities to see the linkage of the macro-micro properties in the case of massive conflict and suggestions on how to cope with massive conflict or even to resolve it. The is an endeavor to a more comprehensive methodology on how to cope with conflict on research and theory development.
Keywords: massive conflict, social mobilization, agent-based model, macro-micro linkage
Introduction
Massive conflict is a complex problem that often happens in the society whose lack of socio-economic stability. The peaceful life of the people seamlessly happens to be a massive conflict all of the sudden. The harmony of interacting people can turn out to be a “catastrophe” mass violence and what we perceive is shocking and somehow cannot be predicted before. There are plenty of scientific literatures and even conferences about social conflict, mobilization, and mass violence. They are widespread from the conflict in the microstructure among individual behaviors, i.e.: statistical analysis of the civil violence (Gulden, 2017), to game-theoretic models (Myerson, 1999) with some more practical use on spatio-temporal problem (e.g. Woods, 2017), spatial analysis of conflict and its role-playing dynamics (Epstein, et.al., 2017) in crowds and the clustering behavior in return (Jager, et.al., 2017), simulation approach to social conflict as an outcome of the social mobilization (Srbljinovic, et.al., 2017), and even the possibilities of the breakdown of a social contract on dynamics of conflict (Situngkir & Hariadi, 2017).
In fact, in the general definition of social conflict, most of human interaction can be seen as conflict. By this definition then, we can even see the investor’s behavior in the stock market as conflict (Situngkir, 2017). The definition of mass-conflict we use in the is not as general as those above. The terminology of mass-conflict we use here refers to certain intensity of social mobilization based upon the collective identity e.g.: ethnicity, religion, race, etc. Furthermore, we are going to analyze mass-conflict as a macro-factor emerging out of micro-interaction among individuals in society. We analyze the micro-factors, i.e.: individual’s grievances, influence on one another, and some other micro-structure in society that emerges chaotic mass-conflict; the social structure as the collection of complex interactions among individuals, and conflict as emergent behavior in which the social system.
The point is the macro-micro linkage in sociological analysis. It is obvious that the problem we want to focus is how the micro-properties in social system gives us the face of the society – how the micro-social returns to massive conflict in the collective behavior. The is divided into five major sections: the first section elaborates some previous works and literatures on macro-micro linkage in sociology, the second section sees conflict as macrofactor that should be approached with its causes i.e.: micro-factors, the third section constructs the model we use to simulate and do some experiments on conflicts and its causes, and followed by the simulation results. The is ended with some outlines and theoretical explorations on macro-micro linkage concerning conflict as an interesting case of study, and some suggestions on further possible researches and implementation on sociological policies.
Macro-Micro Link in Sociological Theory
Without trying to dismiss many interesting and useful sociological theories in our classics shelf, we must admit that we often discover a lot of inconsistencies the way social theorists construct theory on social phenomena. The utmost is on the perceived aggregated social phenomena – the collective behavior of the social. There are often propositions in sociological theory that does not concern about the level of description: whether a social object to be approached in its micro-structure or in macro-phenomenon. It is obvious that this misleading approach will remain confusing sociological suggestions in its ceteris paribus generalizations. Sociologist J. S. Coleman (1990) stated that it is important to distinguish clearly the description level of social analysis. In return, theoretical explanation based upon internal analysis of system behavior in terms of actions and orientations of lower-level units is likely to be more stable and general than an explanation which remains at the system level (1990:3). Social system is then a complex system in which interacting and coupled agents (elements of the social) emerging the collective behavior of the system (Goldspink, 2017:4.18).
The social system itself is a system that the (quantitatively) measured and (qualitatively) interpreted properties are emerged “upward” from the micro-social (Kemper & Collins, 1990). Things that seem obvious are by no mean uncontroversial among the social theorists (Saam, 1999). For example, it is common to explain the increasing divorce rates by the growing individualization, election outcomes by declining economic growth rates and the emergence of massive conflict by the role of provocation. But it is certain; individuals are the only to marry each other, go to the polls and interact each other in massive conflict – this is the reason on the fact that every social debate must shift to the relation between the both levels. In other words, micro and macro properties should be taken as relative poles of the two dimensional continuum in social science (Situngkir, 2017). In this case, the social structure has no independent existence of the knowledge that individuals (social agents) have about what they do in their daily life (see Giddens, 1984:24-28).
Massive-Conflict as Macro-Micro Link
Massive conflict in social system is fascinating and also important since too many victims and loses if it is about to occur. Father of social simulation, T. C. Schelling (1978), elaborated the behavior characteristics of the individuals that comprise social aggregate and the characteristics of the aggregate itself. As many other social behaviors, massive-conflict and social mobilization that drives it must be understood from the motives at the micro-level of the evolved society. In the rest of the , we will approach massive conflict caused by the social mobilization that grows from the micro-properties of the society: the conflict based upon the membership degree of individual to certain collective (societal) identity, e.g.: ethnicity, religion, et cetera. As an impact of the macro-micro acknowledgement, social complexity sees social system as a living organism that evolve, changes, and adapt its behavior dynamically hence cannot be modeled statically. Unlike other aspects of social system (e.g.: population growth, wealth distribution, etc.), by working on mass conflict and social mobilization, we are dealing with many immeasurable data – and even if they are, most of the useful data are not documented or written during the occurrences.
Concluding Remarks
Social theories must lay upon clear understanding on the macro-micro links in order to be able to capture the reality. In some cases, it is important also to use formalism to approach social process at its dynamics. Formalism will be very important to interpret the structural dynamics into computational algorithm. Other importance and usefulness of employing computer simulation into the development of social theory is its ability to consistently verified social theory that bounded in the history where the social theory explored. In the case of macro-micro link in sociological analysis, we can see social system and social process as a black box – that is why it is naïve to develop social theory based on comparative static arguments that comparing some aggregated parameters gathered in social system. Macro to macro properties must concern with the dynamical social process from which the aggregated data attained. The social theory, especially on coping with massive conflict, should realize this in order to have the understanding par excellence on the conflicts and how to resolve it.
From the simulation experiment, we show how the micro-properties emerging conflictprone massive mobilization. Some important micro-properties in the case are the social network, the individual grievances, and the cooling effect perceived by the individuals. To cope with conflict however is to cope with these properties. One important note should be added here is that the three properties are micro-properties. There are nowadays a lot of aggregated data trying to describe the properties, e.g.: inflation and GNP to describe the economical hardship, polls on government achievement to describe the legitimacy of government, et cetera. In the case of analyzing massive conflict, we must understand the ability of the conventionally aggregated data on representing the variables growing out in the micro-social. In general we can say that we need a social theory that epistemologically and methodologically grows from the bottom up, which realizes the macro-micro link. Social theory that analyzes, interprets, and suggests based on aggregated data without considering the micro properties ought to be transformed. In general, it remains us an important discussion to evaluate the way we mine data for our research and theory development: aggregation upon the macro-micro link realization.
网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文作品权归所有；未经官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯作品权现象，英语论文题目，保留一切法学追诉权。
更多范文欢迎访问我们主页 当然有需求可以和我们 联系交流。-X
，英语毕业论文 |
