本文主要讲的是中国建国初期以来经济的发展史的范文。文章主要是从1949建国时期到2017，中国的经济呈现一个巨大的进步。在此期间，经济的发展，也说明中国的国际地位和经济等都在不断进步。 In 1949，when the people's Republic of China was founded, the total agricultural and industry output of this national is only 46,6 billion RMB,which means income 66.1 yuan RMB per capita. But after 50 years development, the per capita income for Chinese people has reached 3711 yuan by 2017(Naughton, 2017).General speaking, Chinese has the characteristic of economic development in the past 60 years as follows. The economic growth rate develops faster except the negative economic growth during the second five year plan; at other times, long-term rapid growth has been made. The second one is that the fluctuation of economic growth is relatively large and fluctuation cycle is short, which is related with and the economic system and policy. China economy began with the first five year plan. In the first five year plan, the economic recovered for 3 years after new Chinese set up; the national economy had been improved and the industrial production reached the highest in the history, but at the same time it cannot been denied that China was still a backward and agricultural country, and the industrial level was far behind other developed countries (Shenkar, 2017). In this time, the reform of the feudal land system was almost completed, to liberate the rural productive forces and develop the socialist state-owned economy, which provided the conditions for the planned economic construction. The main content of the first five year project was to concentrate focus on priority development in the basis of industrial heavy industry like energy, raw materials, machinery industry and so on, to change China from the backward agricultural country into a advanced industrial country by the development of heavy industry, establishing a complete industrial system, which was the struggle target of Chinese molecular put forward early in the period of the democratic revolution.Then in 1957, the political movement carried out led to economic recession and falling to the bottom, the year economic growth rate was only 4.5% at this year. It then went on the three consecutive years of natural disasters from 1960 to 1962, and economic comprehensive had a landslide, and the economic growth rate for three consecutive years of 1960-1962 years was negative, where in 1962 it was -29.7%, the most serious recession year(Chen, Galenson, 1970). The Central Committee of the Communist Party China began to correct the error in the Great Leap Forward Movement by implementing the approach of adjustment, consolidation, enrich, improve and emphasizing the fundamental position of agriculture in the allergy of the economy, industry was the leading in the national economy. The next step was to talk about the Cultural Revolution. In this ten years, the country's economic construction was still in progress, and the national economic foundation (ownership) and operation mechanism had not changed where the economy was under the leadership of the State Council and the State Development Planning Commission, the national economy in the third and forth five year plan had been done, and big construction arrangement had not been interruption, except in 1967 and 1968,so the overall still had some development and made some important achievements. Such as the Gezhouba Dam water conservancy project, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, Liujiaxia Hydropower Station etc. even though the China's national economy suffered huge losses, it still made some progress. Grain production had maintained a relatively stable growth; Industrial traffic, basic construction and science & technology had made a number of important results. Finally it was the time after the reform and opening up(Ge, 1999). In 1977-1981, the Central Committee of the CPC held a important and epoch-making meeting, explicitly taking economic construction as the country’s center and starting the reform and opening up in Chinese. With the economic growth rate more than 11.7%.from 1979 to1981, the approach of Adjustment, Reform, Rectification and Improve had been implemented, and of the household contract responsibility system was implemented in rural areas, the industry was in the process of adjustment and the economic growth rate continued to increase with a small rate. From the 1982-1986, focusing on the reform of state-owned enterprises, the city reform was in full swing and economic growth kept sustaining and rapidly developing. But at the same time, the expansion of credit scale was also very serious. In order to curb inflation, the state implemented the Double Tight Policy; so the economic growth rate began to fall (Byrd, 1989). From 1987 to1990, which is the period of serious inflation, and the currency devaluation caused social panic and even the panic buying wind bowed and it started the rectification during this period; at this time, the economic growth rate was around 4%. From the 1991 to 2017, a socialist market economic system was established. Economic plan index was adjusted and the opening was further expanding, accelerating the development pace; at this time, the economic growth rate was in more than 13%. But at the same time, the economy inflation rate was also very high. In 1993 a moderately tight macroeconomic policies was implemented to inhibit the excessive speed of economic growth. Since 1998, the Chinese government introduced a lasted five years of expansionary fiscal policy to resist the impact of the Asian financial crisis，maintaining rapid economic growth. The annual growth of GDP ran in the high speed development platform between 7% and 8%. However, from the April of 1998, consumer prices continued the negative grow for more than 24 month by May of 2017.it began to changed from negative to positive for 16 months of positive growth. But from September of 2017, the economy began to fall back into a state of negative growth; at the same time, the ex factory price index of industrial products and commodity retail price index had been in a state of negative growth. Faced with this situation, many experts had proposed the concept of "surplus economy", "insufficient effective demand", "deflation", "dual surplus of labor and capital" to position the China's current macroeconomic situation, and they had carried on the beneficial exploration and research. For the positioning of our current complicated macroeconomic situation, it was in the situation of insufficient effective demand in the condition of labor surplus and deflation, but also facing the potential inflationary pressures. China's labor firstly maintains in the agricultural sector. According to the expert in China, the surplus agricultural labor force in China for 138 million. In addition, the annual increase labor of 16 million people, and the laid off workers by state-owned enterprises is 1.5 million people. At present, increasing the income of peasants and accelerating the process of urbanization in rural areas have both carried out around how to create more jobs in the second or third industrial to accommodate the agricultural surplus labor and other department's work. At present, it is the insufficient effective demand which caused the excess production capacity in China and raised unemployment, falling prices and economic growth decline (Warner, M. 2017). However, the problem of "insufficient effective demand" was generally associated with developed countries. For a developing nation like China, the biggest difference from the western developed countries is probably the severe labor surplus. Therefore, in China the effective demand shortage problem is insufficient effective demand problem under the condition of surplus labor. In 2017, China continued to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, which made the GDP with a growth rate of 7.9 %( Chen, 2017). However, what should be concern was the main economic indicators of the increase appear decline, which was very rare in recent years. The GDP growth was 7.2%, by a 0.2 percentage down compared with the same period in 2017. In the first quarter of 2017, based on the investment growth of 3.4%,which has a increase of 7.2% compared with the same time of previous year, the household final consumption demand of retail sales of social consumer goods grows by 3.4%,which had a decline of 1.9 percentage. For the first two month of 2017, the industrial profits were down by 11.3%, which reflected the quality of China's economic growth was not high. The fiscal expenditure and fiscal deficit rose substantially. In the first one quarter of 2017, the central fiscal revenue fell 7.3% over the same period last year, reducing 16.36 billion yuan RMB, while the expenditure growth was 23.9%. The price index fell overall, and deflation was a lingering shadow. In 2017, the consumer prices and retail prices continue to fall drop 1.9% and 0.7% than 2017, respectively. The high speed coupled high unemployment. The GDP growth is 7.2% growth for 2017, due to employment elasticity of economic growth was only about 0.1. And it has a trend of decline with the quality of economic growth to improve, so it did not bring the expected effect of reducing unemployment and increasing employment rate. The above situation further reflected the shortage of effective demand and deflation in general under the intertwined the conditions of surplus labor. It should be known that, China’s economy was distressed by insufficient effective demand and deflation; at the same time, it also faces the potential inflation pressure. The reason why the pressure have not been released, it is mainly due to various policy measures issued by the government to lock the only caged tiger. Among them, the Chinese government adheres to the prudent monetary policy which the RMB cannot be devalue is one of the main reasons. But this policy is suppressed in recent situation of yen devaluation and depreciation of the US dollar. It is worth emphasizing that, because the RMB pegged to the dollar from the beginning of 1994 tightly, in early 2017, it fall with Euro and other foreign currencies followed the dollar down. So, once the fiscal or financial crisis, the devaluation of the RMB is difficult to be avoided. Reference: Naughton, B. (2017). The Chinese economy: Transitions and growth. MIT press. Shenkar, O. (2017). The Chinese century: The rising Chinese economy and its impact on the global economy, the balance of power, and your job. Pearson Education. Chen, N. R., & Galenson, W. (1970). The Chinese economy under communism. The Chinese economy under communism. Ge, W. (1999). Special economic zones and the opening of the Chinese economy: Some lessons for economic liberalization. World Development,27(7), 1267-1285. Byrd, W. A. (1989). Plan and market in the Chinese economy: A simple general equilibrium model. Journal of Comparative Economics, 13(2), 177-204. Warner, M. (2017). Changing workplace relations in the Chinese economy. St. Martin's Press. Chen, Z. M. (2017). Inflationary effect of coal price change on the Chinese economy. Applied Energy, 114, 301-309. |
