本文主要是一篇对于宏观经济意味着整个经济活动的范文。文章主要从资本主义和社会主义2种社会形势进行略论，并进一步指出中国社会主义存在的不足以及未来需要如何努力往更好地方向发展。
Macro-economy means the whole economic activities, just the activities of the national economy. Specifically, it includes the aggregate supply and demand, the gross and growth rate of the national economy and the relationship between the proportions of the national economy. What’s more, the overall level of the commodity prices, the total size and growth rate of the currency issue and changes in import and export trade are also contained. The total goals of the macro-economy are the high-level and high-growing rate of output, low unemployment in addition to a stable level of prices. So macroeconomists are working on analyzing the rule of the economic operation by means of the overall statistical concept. Macroeconomics (John Maynard Keynes, 1936) has played a more and more important role in the field of economy since 1930s.
The economic system is changing with the development of science and technology. Because of the low level of the labor, it is often presented as landlord lands owning most of the land in feudal times. Theoretically, feudalism is a kind of economic system in which traditions rule (David C. Colander, 2017). This means what your parents are determine what you will be in the future. For example, if your parents were farmers, then you would be a farmer in feudalism. From 8th century to 15th century, feudalism dominated the whole word. China does experience 400 centuries more than western countries in feudal time.
In western countries, merchants and artisans played a more and more essential place in the society with the development of trade and market. Wealth becomes the symbol of people’s status and People go after money. Finally, feudalism changed into mercantilism. Mercantilism is an economic system in which government determines the what, how, and for who decisions by doling out the rights to undertake certain economic activities (David C. Colander, 2017). The typical country is Italy. Shakespeare's the merchant of Venice dose show us what people do in that time. Mercantilism is replaced until 18th century because of the development of technology and machines. Mass-produced goods replaced handmade goods. More and more factories occupied most land and farmers are forced to find other ways to support the family. Then they became the workers in the factories. Industrial evolution promotes the formation of capitalism.
Capitalism is defined as an economic system based on the market in which the ownership of the means of production resided with a small group of individuals called capitalists (David C. Colander, 2017). Money, resources, land are possessed by a few people. Most people worked for them and earned a little money. England is the strongest country at that time. It has to explore the overseas market to look for raw materials and meet its huge productivity. Because of the unequal distribution of social wealth, economic crisis frequently occurred in capitalist countries. Some philosophers and encomiasts worked out socialism.
Socialism is, in theory, an economic system that tries to organize society in the same way as most families are organized—all people contribute what they can, and get what they need (David C. Colander, 2017). It is completely different from the capitalism. In capitalist country, the government wants its people to be selfish, while individuals are asked to look out for other people in socialist economies. Early socialism failed because of the wrong theory guidance. You can take Robert Owen as an example. He bought 1214 hectares of land and tried to build a new world in which everyone shared all and worked together. However, it has been proved unrealistic.
After Marx and Engels created the scientific socialism and Lenin launched the October revolution, socialism were widely spread in a number of countries. In 20th century, socialism became an economic system called Soviet-style socialist economy which was used by the former Soviet Union. Government controlled and planed what would be produced and how goods were distributed. The society’s total goals were determined by the government, and then individuals and firms were directed to get the target. With no market economy and wrong guidelines, the former Soviet Union disintegrated in 1990s.
Nowadays, there are two major economic systems. One is the capitalism, in particular the United States. The other one is the socialism, which is represented by China. The biggest difference between these two economic systems is that the economic system in America is totally controlled by the market, while in China the public sector is the major sector of the economy and the government plays an important role in the market economy.
If let me choose one country, I‘ll choose China because its economic system now is much better than the capitalism in essence.
China is a country with a long history, its civilization can be traced back to 5000 thousand years ago. China has a much longer feudal time than western countries because of the Qing Dynasty’s no contact to the outside world. The Qing Dynasty is so proud of himself that the emperor thinks there is no use to communicate with the other countries. They believe that Qing Dynasty is the most powerful country, which is now proved like a joke. When western countries were developing technology and explore the overseas market, China became the best target of aggression. Gentlemen cannot wait to become the predators for getting wealth. This darkness continued for several decades. However, the Communist Party of China established a new China under the leadership of the Mao Zedong. From 1949 to 1956, China was working on how to change its economic system into socialism. Agriculture, handicraft, commerce were all rebuilt. Farmers and handicraftsmen were led to corporate with each other, while capitalists were paid a large sum of money or arranged to some political positions for handing out their enterprises. Socialism was preliminary founded after these measures. From1957 to 1978, China had a difficult time because of both natural disasters and social unrest. Socialism in China was almost destroyed by these factors. But 1978 was a turning point, China declared to reform its system and open the market to the world. China has developed into a new country.
Nowadays, the economic system in China has grown into a comprehensive and much more mature one.
Unlike the capitalist system, socialist system preaches that the social properties belong to everyone. This idea is aimed at reducing the gap between the poor and the rich and promoting social fairness. However, it needs high ideological consciousness. That’s why the early socialism was a failure. If we took Soviet-style socialist economy as the economic system and let government control everything, it would be another Soviet Union. In contrast, capitalist system agrees that private property is sacred and inviolable. This results in that the economic lifeline is controlled by the minority, which is not good for the majority. The serious economic crisis happened in the US in1930s has told to us its drawbacks.
Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the socialist market economy. It has been proved suitable for China and has been stuck until now. China’s socialist system is different from both the capitalism and Soviet-style socialism. China believes market should dominate the economy. However, it does not mean we don’t need the government. Government’s control is in favor of keeping the macro-economy stable, which the market lacks. The market is dominant because it reflects clearly where economy will go and help distribute social resources to sectors efficiently.
What’s more, China doesn’t deny that private property is sacred and inviolable. He also enacts laws to protect that. This is beneficial to promote workers’ motivation. But the major structure is still and will always be based on the public ownership system. Individual businesses are supplement to the economy, which is making the economy dynamic. After joining the WTO, China’s junior economic system has been faced with new chances and challenges. How to acquire benefit from the capitalism and polish up the socialist system is what the Chinese government should consider. After almost 40 years’ reform and opening-up, we all see China has become a force which cannot be ignored. I hope China will carry on his adventure and take the Chinese socialism go further more.
References
Colander, D. C. (2017). The strange persistence of the IS-LM model. History of Political Economy, 36(5), 305-322
JOHN MAYNARD, K. E. Y. N. E. S. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.
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