| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 普列汉诺夫平易近主思惟有着深入的社会配景，一方面是他所处年月俄国三次掉败的对外战斗及其随后的政治变更，另外一方面是其时西欧特别是西欧工人活动的配景。普列汉诺夫平易近主思惟也有显著的实际起源，重要是东边的平易近粹主义和西边的马克思主义，而且这一东一西两年夜重要实际起源的作用关系表现着独特庞杂的演化特色。普列汉诺夫固然早在1883年就开端用马克思主义清理本身的平易近粹主义思惟，但平易近粹主义的思想陈迹一直存在，科塞乃至以为这一特色合适于绝年夜多半俄国马克思主义者。普列汉诺夫的政治哲学思惟中局限性与提高性并存。其适用主义平易近客观的窠臼现实上恰是他所否决的各种非平易近主表示情势的哲学基础，他的适用主义平易近客观的逻辑推演成果是“劣币驱赶良币”和“有枪就是草头王”的人治，他本身在政治理论也经常是以堕入“尺蠖效应”而难以自清。普列汉诺夫的平易近主主体不雅是比拟迷信，特别对于出色人物与国民大众辩证关系的阐述深刻浅出，是运用马克思主义哲学剖析成绩的范例。在普列汉诺夫看来，人类社会步入近代文明以后将有两种平易近主形状：本钱主义平易近主和社会主义平易近主。西欧列国其时曾经颠覆封建独裁，树立起本钱主义平易近主，接上去的义务是寻求社会主义平易近主。与西欧分歧，其时的俄国所遭遇的不只是本钱主义临盆成长的苦楚，并且也有这一成长不敷的苦楚，普列汉诺夫依据被斯年夜林称为“被第二国际的首级们俗气化了的所谓‘临盆力’论”给俄国设定了一个“三种状况，两个过渡”的平易近主道路图（拜见注释第6页，图一）。这个道路图的外不雅仿佛与后来苏联教科书中的实际无异，现实在诸多成绩上年夜异其趣。他以为，俄国在政治上应当起首完成无产阶层与资产阶层“离开走，一路打”，配合否决沙皇独裁、寻求本钱主义平易近主的目的，同时否决平易近粹主义主意的“国民独裁”，俄语论文网站，他对这个进程中的农人阶层的剖析非常出色、入木三分。平易近主反动（俄国二月反动）以后的过渡时代，普列汉诺夫主意树立资产阶层结合当局、召开立宪会议以守卫政治自在，否决德国侵犯者、沙皇复辟、无当局状况和团体专政。他特别不吝文字地否决团体专政，以为布尔什维克的团体专政绝非马克思主义的无产阶层专政，而是继续了“国民独裁”的衣钵，其本质是多数反动家对无产阶层的专政，是政治自在最风险的仇敌。普列汉诺夫以为本钱主义平易近主既有提高性又有局限性，是一个弗成逾越的、且将历久存在的平易近主阶段，主意无产阶层在这个阶段不克不及牟取政权，而要以极端否决派的立场推进平易近主水平赓续进步，普列汉诺夫还对无产阶层代表能否可以加入资产阶层当局的成绩揭橥了独到的意见。比及本钱主义成长成熟以后，在向社会主义过渡的阶段须要实施无产阶层专政，与后来实际社会主义中的专政分歧的是，普列汉诺夫从临盆力、阶层觉醒和生齿比重三方面给无产阶层专政的实施设定了严厉前提，而且重复强调无产阶层专政的过渡性。最初到达“每个国民真正有能够直接加入一切社会事务的评论辩论和决议”的社会主义平易近主。普列汉诺夫终生的政治立场前后并没有基本变更，其平生寻求政治平易近主，前后否决沙皇独裁、平易近粹派的国民独裁、布尔什维克的“团体专政”。汗青的成长轨迹仿佛其实不相符普列汉诺夫的计划，然则斯年夜林体系体例却又逼真地将普列汉诺夫昔时所批评的国民独裁和团体专政酿成了实际。明天看来，普列汉诺夫的平易近主思惟中虽然存在很多局限，但是单就它们与马克思恩格斯自己学说的接近性和如同神助的预言性而言，就弗成否定个中的前瞻性和现代价值。普列汉诺夫是一个常识份子而不是一个政治家，俄语论文范文，为了本身崇奉的纯粹，不吝毕生饰演否决派脚色，沙皇掌权时他是否决派，布尔什维克掌权时他照样否决派。其实普列汉诺夫是一个缩影，代表着幻想与公理在实际与功利盘算眼前的强大和软弱。 Abstract: Plekhanov's democratic thought only a deep social background, on the one hand is his years Russia three times away defeat foreign combat and its subsequent political changes, on the other hand is in the meantime Western Europe especially workers activities in Western Europe with the king. Plekhanov's democracy thought also has significant practical origin, it is important to the east plain near the pure doctrine and the West Marxism and the relationship between the east west two of the eve of the important actual origin show complicated and unique evolution characteristics. Plekhanov although early in 1883 began with Marxism cleaning itself plain nearly pure ideology, but plain near the pure doctrine thought traces has always been, Coser even thought the characteristics suitable for majority mostly Russian Marxism. Plekhanov's political philosophy and improve the coexistence of limitation. The application doctrine plain near the objective the stereotype of reality is precisely he overruled by a variety of non plain near the LORD said the philosophical basis of the situation, his principle of plain near the objective logic reasoning results is "bad money driving out good money" and "have gun is the head of the king" the rule of man, he itself in political theory often to fall into the "inchworm" effect to self clean. Plekhanov's democratic subject indecent is comparable to superstition, especially on excellent characters and national public dialectical relations profoundly expounded simply, examples of the application of Marxism philosophy analysis results. In Plekhanov's view, the human society into the modern civilization, there will be two types of people: the capitalist democratic and socialist democratic. Western European countries had to subvert the feudal autocracy, and establish a capitalist democratic, then the obligation is to seek the socialist democratic. Differences with Western Europe, Russia in the meantime encountered not only capitalist production growth of suffering and the suffering of this growth is not enough, according to Plekhanov was Stalin called "were the heads of the second international vulgar of the so-called 'birth' theory" to Russia set a "three and two transition" of the plain near the main road map (see the notes on page 6, figure 1). The road map of the outside, as if and later in the Soviet Union textbooks is actually no different, the reality in many achievements last year night different its interest. He believes that the Russian in politics should be the first complete without property class and bourgeoisie "left to go, playing all the way, with veto the tsarist autocracy, seeking capitalist plain near the main purpose, also rejected the plain near the pure doctrine of idea of" national dictatorship ", his analysis of the peasant class in the process very well, penetrating. Democratic revolution after the Russian February Revolution) is in the period of transition, Plekhanov's idea to establish asset class with authorities, held a constitutional convention to guard political freedom and overrule German invasion, a restoration of the tsar, authorities and groups dictatorship. He particularly generous text to veto group dictatorship that Bolshevik dictatorship of groups is no Marxist no middle class dictatorship, but to the "dictatorship of the mantle of national, its essence is most revolutionary of the dictatorship of the middle class, political freedom and the risk of the enemy. Plekhanov thought capitalism plain near the main is to improve sexual and limitations, is one Eph into the passover, and the long-standing democratic stage idea no middle class in this stage means not seek regime, and to the extreme rejected orthodox positions to promote the plain near the main level rise ceaselessly, Plekhanov also on whether or not the middle class representative can join the bourgeois authorities the results enunciated the original opinion. Ratio and capitalist growth to mature, is in the stage of socialist transition to need no middle class dictatorship, and later socialist practice of the dictatorship of the differences of, Plekhanov from birth, class awakening and population proportion to the implementation of middle class dictatorship set severe premise and repeatedly stressed no transitional middle class dictatorship. First arrived at the Socialist Democratic National People's socialist country, which has a real and direct discussion of all social issues. Plekhanov's lifelong political positions before and there is no fundamental change, his life seeking political democracy, before and after the veto the tsarist autocracy, plain near the Nazi faction of the national dictatorship, Bolshevik "group dictatorship". History of the growth path as if in fact does not conform to Plekhanov's plan, but the forest system, but also realistic to Plekhanov in the past criticism of the national dictatorship and corporate dictatorship led to the actual. It seems that tomorrow, Plekhanov's democracy thought although there are many limitations, but they with Marx and Engels in his theory of proximity and as God helps prophetic, Eph into negative forward-looking and modern value of the medium. Plekhanov is a member of common sense and not a politician, in order to itself enshrined in pure and generous life played the opposition role, Tsar is in power, whether he will send, the Bolsheviks came to power he still opposition. In fact, Plekhanov is a microcosm, representing the fantasy and justice in the actual and utilitarian calculations in the eyes of the strong and weak. 目录: |
