摘 要:《双城记》是现实主义作家查尔斯•狄更斯的巨著,小说形象生动地刻画了各色各样的人物。德法奇太太就是其中一位。她虽不是小说主要人物,但在整篇故事中,扮演着举足轻重的角色。在此从让•保罗•萨特的存在主义角度来略论德法奇太太这一人物。同时,应用萨特存在主义的自由、责任和异化理论来探索德法奇太太的悲剧根源。从中可以得出德法奇太太不是一位真正的革命者,她对存在与生命的意义一无所知。 Existential philosophers underlined that human being should take responsibility for his own life. So another aspect of existentialism is the emphasis on existing in reality. In Sartre’s theory, in fact, the other is an existing being of whom we will feel ashamed in the face; it’s inescapable wherever we turn to. Once human being realize that one’s body can also be seen by the other, he can thus truly understand that he is actually existing as the object in his world. Sartre later came up with the saying that “the other is the hell”. Therefore, the universe we are living in is not arranged according to our own intentions but a series of staffs detaching us. One of the most influential issues in the system of existentialism is the alienation of man. Human being is a lonely existence in the world, alienated from others in the society. In this universe man inevitably feel agony and aimless without knowing what to do. Human being can’t avoid this kind of threat. Sartre despised such kind of state of man and believed that it was dangerous and inhuman. From his perspective man should emancipate from the state of alienation. As for Madame Defarge, because of her humble birth and the death of her family members, she had to live bravely and confront with all the difficulties. Although she couldn’t choose her birth, she chose to build herself what she is. So she became a strong person. In addition, Madame Defarge actively took part in the revolution, led women to attack the Bastille, and succeeded in finding the blood letter written by the victim Dr. Manette in the prison. All of these signified that Madame Defarge was free to choose her own characteristics and adjust to new situation. That’s, she chose to be a revolutionary. Born in the oppressed lowlife, Madame Defarge realized that the peasants were greatly exploited and suppressed by the upper classes, and they led a miserable life. On the contrary, the aristocrats shared luxurious material life plundered from the poor. What’s worse, the upper class bullied or even killed the poor without any mercy. Besides, she witnessed what Dr. Manette suffered in the prison. “The starving people of Paris might wait a long time before rising up to fight French soldiers; but against hired, foreign troops... any day... any hour... “. Therefore, she believed it was her responsibility to rise up and fight against the upper classes. On the other hand, she thought revenge for her family was a responsibility and the Evremondes were her hell. “It will do them no good. Ha!” Worse quarters than Defarge's wine-shop, could easily have been found in Paris for a provincial slave of that degree. Saving for a mysterious dread of madame by which he was constantly haunted, his life was very new and agreeable. But, madame sat all day at her counter, so expressly unconscious of him, and so particularly determined not to perceive that his being there had any connexion with anything below the surface, which he shook in his wooden shoes whenever his eye lighted on her. Madame Defarge was the victim of the Evremonde brothers’ guilt. Her sister was raped and then tortured to death soon, and her brother was killed by the younger brother of the Evremondes. Because of her unfortunate childhood and sufferings, when she grew up, her character personified revolution; she awaited the breakout of the French Revolution, violence and hatred boiling within her. Her real purpose of revolution is to seek revenge on Darney regardless of bringing disaster to the innocent.” Never! I know what you want. I know what you're after. And thank heaven I'm put here to stop you - for stop you I will!” Madame Defarge said, “Pig, get out of my way or I'll break you in pieces”.Gradually, she changed to another person, that is, the Vengeance.” Defarge and the three glanced darkly at one another. The looks of all of them were dark, repressed, and revengeful, as they listened to the countryman's story; the manner of all of them, while it was secret, was authoritative too”. In the end, she was alienated by people surrounded her. To sum up, Madame Defarge was a representative woman figure of her time. As a traditional woman in the lower class, she started to consider the meaning of her life and tried to attain self-integrity but finished in a tragic ending.She had no idea of what true freedom is, and had never discerned the relationship between freedom and responsibility and finally it was just her ignorance eventually that led her to failure. She worked hard for a proper position in society but her efforts ended in vain.So alienation is another cause of Madame Defarge’s tragedy. At last, she shot herself accidentally in the fight. From her death, it can be seen Madame Defarge had no idea of true meaning of existence and revolution. 参考文献: [1] 狄更斯,孙法理译.双城记[M].南京:译林出版社,1996. [2] 让•保罗•萨特.存在与虚无[M].三联书店出版社,1987. [3] 杜小真.试析萨特的自由观[J].法国探讨.1985(2). [4] 刘炳善.英国文学简史[M].上海外语教育出版社,1981. [5] 饶娣清.人的存在、人的自由与人的责任――萨特自由观新释[J].广东社会科学.2017(1). [6] 王佐良.英国文学史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996. [7] 王欣欣,王宏疆.对于萨特的自由观的思考[J].世纪桥.2017(2). [8] 王铁林.萨特存在主义哲学探讨综述[J].哲学动态.1984(7) [9] 熊振均.他人,就是地狱――萨特的自由观浅析[J].安徽农业大学学报:社会科学版.2003(5). [10] 杨凌.浅析《双城记》的人物形象及与思想意义[J].高等教育与学术探讨.2004. 特约编辑:刘必善 ，德语论文题目，德语论文 |
