摘要
艾米莉•勃朗特是19世纪英国著名的小说家和诗人，是著名的“勃朗特三姐妹”之一。这位女作家在度过了三十年短暂的时光后便悄悄的离开了人世，然而她唯一的一部著作《呼啸山庄》却在世界范围内取得了巨大的成功，并奠定了她在世界文学史上的地位。小说诞生以来的150多年间，从小说的婚姻价值观到它的叙事方式、从小说中的多重主题到其爱情悲剧根源、从男主公的性格到弗洛伊德的精神略论、从结构主义到生态经济学等方面，各界学者对它做了大量的研讨探讨。正如“一千个读者有一千个哈姆雷特”，不同的探讨者都在他们的理解上对这本小说作了深入的研讨，并取得了巨大的成就。
存在主义作为20世纪西方世界著名的哲学流派之一，以加缪和萨特为主要代表，它关心人类的命运、价值和自由。人区别于物的核心在于人有其自由意志，人的一生就是不断利用自由意志做出选择，并为自己的生命赋予意义的过程。人的自由不受任何既定的规则或道德的限制。萨特的思想经历了一个从缺陷到不断完善的过程，虽然各界对其评判从来褒贬不一，但必须指出的是，萨特的思想在过度强调“秩序，服从，规则，英语论文范文，”的国家和地区，关于唤醒人们的自由意志，努力追寻自我价值具有非常重要的意义。
《呼啸山庄》同样强调了人类的自由意志和选择，这和存在主义的观点十分吻合。本文试图从萨特存在主义的角度，旨在研讨小说中的人物悲剧性。除引言和结论外，主要分为三部分。引言描述了艾米莉生活的大致框架和她的著作《呼啸山庄》的主要内容，然后谈论了萨特的存在主义，最后描述了艾米莉和萨特观点的契合之处。接下来是主体部分。第一章，世界是荒谬的。主要谈论了人们面对世界荒谬性的态度以及做出的相应选择。第二章，存在先于本质。这部分可以分为“自在的存在”和“自为的存在”两方面讨论。第三章，自由选择。这部分将主要从选择的绝对性、作用因素、结果和态度四个方面略论。在结尾部分，我们概括了《呼啸山庄》主要人物悲剧命运的原因，即理想与现实的背离，导致的主人公们无法承担自我选择的后果，同时也指出了存在主义的现实意义。
关键词：艾米莉.勃朗特，呼啸山庄，存在主义
Abstract
As a member of the famous “Bronte Sisters” in the 19th century, Emily Bronte is a learned British novelist and poet; she was born in a poor priest home and spent her short 30 years’ life with her families in the wasteland, and then left the world quietly (Yang, 1983). Wuthering Heights as her only novel, has achieved a great success since its publication in 1847. Meanwhile, this novel also established her status in the world literature history. During the last 150 years, scholars from all walks of life have done a lot of researches about this novel. For example: from the narrative methods to its love tragedy; from the multiple themes to the marriage values; from the hero’s character analysis to Freud’s psychoanalysis; from the feminism to the ecological economics and so on. There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes. Different researchers also have made deep researches based on their own understanding about Wuthering Heights, and also have gained great achievement.
As one of the famous philosophical schools in the 20th western world, existentialism shows its great influence on the development of the literature and philosophy. It emphasized individuality, free will, and personal responsibility in the modern world (Flynn, 2017). Existentialist believes that free will is what distinguish human from the other things. Our life is a process of constantly making choice. Human’s freedom is not restricted by any established rules or morals, people who enjoy the right of free choice also undertake the responsibility of his/her choice at the same time. As the representative of existentialism, Sartre also makes great contribution to its development. The controversies about Sartre has never stopped, and some people still thinks that his ideas are little absolute. But what we must point out is that, Sartre’s opinion is also the production of the society. It is understandable that his view is not perfect. But we also have to admit that Sartre's thoughts has very important significance to arouse people’s free will and help people to pursue self-value, especially in the country where excessively emphasis on “order, rules, and obey”(Liu, 2017).
Wuthering Heights also highlights these points about human’s free will and choice, which matches the existentialism very well. Emily uses lots of Sartre’s existentialism philosophy to express the love subject, trying to solve the conflict about the absurdity of
the world and the romantic image. This dissertation attempts to explore the characters’ tragedy in the novel from the perspective of Sartre’s existentialism, especially the perspective of freedom and responsibility.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this dissertation can be divided into three parts altogether. The introduction first introduces Emily’s life and the content of Wuthering Heights. Next, we give a brief introduction to Sartre's existentialism. Finally, we reveal the common ideas between Emily and Sartre. Chapter one mainly talks about people’s attitude and choice when they are facing with absurdity. Chapter two discusses the notions of being-in-itself and being-for-itself. In Chapter Three the discussion will focus on the absoluteness of choice, the influencing factors, the results and people’s attitude towards freedom. At last, we summarize the main reasons of the leading characters’ tragic life as the conflicts between their ideals and reality. It’s their imaginative freedom and irresponsibility which caused their tragedy. Besides, we also points out the significance of existentialism in real life.
Key words: Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Existentialism
，英语论文 |
