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摘 要:一些英文诗歌通过对书写形式及音韵的不同应用达到不同的表达效果,了解这一点可以帮助我们欣赏英语诗歌表现手法的多样性及其绝妙之处。 关键词:英语诗歌 文体风格 诗歌音韵 有人说诗言情,有人说诗言志,也有人说诗言景。笔者认为诗是一种优美简洁、概括高效的题材,它既可言情,又可言志,也可言景。本文拟赏析以下英语诗歌如何用不同的手法变化达到这三方面的目标。 一 王佐良说,变化产生不同风格。英语诗歌与别的文章风格截然不同,我们可一眼就辨认出来,是因为它所书写的形式与其他文章迥异。它的典型特点是从不占满一页,只是写成一排并且会由于诗节、韵律的不同而书写成不同的形式。诗节把一首诗分为几个段,韵步多少却决定每行诗的长短。 1.不同的诗节可形成不同的风格。下面是一首只有一诗节的诗: The stag at eve had drunk his fill, Where danced the moon on Monan’s rill.--—Walter Scott这首诗由于诗人能够用那么少的词描述一幅独特的景色而具有其独到之处。景色高度概括,但非常的生动和非凡,好像使我们能够清楚地看到月亮跳出山崖的景象:万籁俱寂、月光如洗。这两行诗所传输的意义远超出了其他文学形式所能达到的效果。下面的一首诗竟达6个诗节,有的甚至更多。这里只举一例。这在诗节上截然不同,在传达的思想和意境方面也是不同的。 例如:The Waking I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I feel my fate in what I cannot hear. I learn by going where I have to go. We think by feeling. What is where to know? I hear my being from ear to ear. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. Of those so close beside me, which are you? God bless the Ground. I shall walk softly there. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. Light takes tree; but who can tell us how? The lonely worm climbs up a winding stair, I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. Great nature has another thing to do. To you and me: so take the lively air. And, lovely, learn by going where to go. This shaking keeps me steady. I should know. What falls away is always, and is near. I wake to sleep, and taking my waking slow. I learn by going where I have to go.--—Theodore Roethke 这首诗里寓意着诗人对生活的理解:生活寂寞、闷郁,令人厌烦,但人们却不得不忍耐着过,并且学会适应。较多的诗节留出更多的空间让诗人来描述生活的单调、朦胧、难耐,特别是有空间来使一些诗句重复,更强调了所要表达的上述效果。这效果是用一个诗节无法表达出来的。除此之外,诗节中诗行数的不同也会使诗的风格不同, 例如:In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.--—Ezra PoundWatering the Horse How strange of being giving up all the ambition Suddenly I see with such clear eyes The white flake of snow That has just fallen on the horse’s mane.--—Robert Bly 双行诗和四行诗不尽相同,在双行诗中诗人所提供的镜头是静止的,但画面是移动的,这就是火车站里出来的人群。然而在四行诗中镜头是移动的,这是由诗人的眼睛到白色的雪花,再到马的鬃毛,最后在诗人的脑海中闪现,“How strange of being giving up all the ambition”。更多的诗行给了诗人更多的空间让镜头移动,而少的诗行却办不到。以上是一些传统形式和风格的诗。除此之外,一些新的、通俗的诗体为一些现代诗人所用。例如无韵诗和自由诗。这些形式可使诗人有充分表达自己思想和感情的灵活性: All day long the noise of battle rolled Among mountains by the winter sea, Until King Arthur’s table, man by man, Had fallen in Lyonnesse about their lord.--—Alfred Tennyson 2.在诗行中诗歌韵步不同也可使诗歌形成不同风格。韵步不同形成诗歌诗行的长短不同,如:Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.--—Langston HughesWind and silver Greatly shining, The autumn moon flats in the thin sky; And the fishponds snake their backs and flash their dragon scales As she passes over them.--—Amy Lowell如果我们仔细品味这两首诗,我们会发现由于它们的诗行长短不同,会给读者留下不同印象。在《Dreams》这首诗中,韵步规律齐整,诗行简短,描述清楚有力。在《Wind and Silver》中,韵步多少不一,诗行长短变化。诗人通过韵步的多少,也就是诗行的长短传输了不同的思想与感情。在前一首中,诗人表现简练清楚,确信不疑的思想。而在后面一首诗中读者体会到的却是月光里诗人所看到的景象的柔和、寂静,秋月的皎皓,池水里鱼儿的曲影和月光下鱼鳞的闪烁。前者虽有寓意的形象,但着重在意。后者寓情于景,着重在景,情景交融,静中有动,动中有静,淋漓尽致。 二 |
