(二)对新信息的理解。外界新信息进入听觉记忆后,首先要经过注意机制的筛选。被注意到的信息经过了模式识别的加工进入工作记忆。模式识别的目的是为了把原始的声音信息转换为有意义的语音信息。此时如果从长期记忆中提取不出相应的图式,我们就把他认定为新信息。由于没有相应的直接图式帮忙,许多听者在接受信息时立即用自下而上的加工模式,逐个单词逐个句子的处理。一旦语篇内容稍长,由于处理不及时,大量的新信息涌入工作记忆当中,超出了大脑的认知负荷。如果此时我们能恰当的应用自上而下的交互处理模式,比如利用听力材料中的题目、体裁和语境的提示影响,能够推动听力理解的顺利进行。当听者听到“You are going to hear a piece of news.”时,借助大脑中的已有图式,听者首先会想到新闻报道的倒金字塔结构:最重要的最有价值的信息总是放在前面;以及who what when where why和how新闻六要素,以一则新闻报道为例:
In Chile, the military government held a rally today in support of President Augusto Pinochet, who escaped an assassination attempt two days ago. A crackdown on opponents of his government continued in response to that attack.. A journalist for an opposition magazine was found dead. His family and colleagues charge he had been kidnapped yesterday by police. Tim Fosca reports now from Santiago.
短短的开篇几十个字,在新闻报道图式的帮助下,听者主动有意识的捕捉信息有助于接下，英语毕业论文，英语论文 |
