高考英语书面表达评分细则和教学的设计途径[英语论文]

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从近几年的全国卷及各省自主命题试卷发现这样一个规律,高考书面表达大多都是半开放式写作,即指导性写作或者是控制性写作结合开放式作文的形式。一般是通过提纲、图表、图画等限定写作的内容、人称、时态和字数,允许考生自由发挥,但是发挥的空间不大。而开放式作文通常允许考生根据话题自由发挥,来表达自己独特的观点和看法。但是,英语毕业论文,开放性作文在高考中并不常见,因为命题者很难控制考生写作的内容,并给高考阅卷带来一定的难度。此外,一个明显的特点就是书信成了书面表达最常见的考查形式,笔者曾和几位探讨高考命题的专家交流这一现象的成因,其中最基本的原因就是书信的实用性强,既能考查学生的基础知识,又可以考查考生的语言迁移能力,在今后的高考命题中,书信与其他文体相比仍然具有其不可替代性。
    那么如何才能写出一篇高质量的书面表达呢?笔者连续多年从事高三英语教学并参加高考书面表达的阅卷工作,现把2017年阅卷的一些基本准则和高分答卷的重要特征及部分优秀例文展示如下,希望对广大考生有所帮助。
    1.书写规范
    书写规范包括学迹清楚,字体端正,英语毕业论文,大小写标点正确无误。一份书写规范的答卷让人读了一目了然,有助于成绩档次的提高。再说高考阅卷对质量、速度都有较严格的要求。在尽量保证质量的前提下,评阅一份答卷所允许的时间非常有限。在这种情况下,书写规范是举足轻重,不可忽视的。书写规范是书面表达的一个起码要求,也是高考高分答卷的一大特征。
    2.语言流畅
    语言流畅是书面表达最基本的要求之一,突出表现在语法上,尤其是动词时态的运用上。此外,同义词的恰当运用和各种句型(单复句、长短句)的交替使用是语言流畅的又一主要体现。用词、句型的多样化是一种写作的修辞手法,避免文章单调、平淡乏味,使文章更通俗流畅。在许多高分或满分答卷中,这种修辞手法时有体现。
    3.中心明确
    文章无论大小,总是为了告诉别人什么事情,从中说明一个道理。作者要集中说明的道理就是文章的中心。例如:2017年湖北高考书面表达就是请你根据提示,结合生活中的一个实例,用英语写一篇短文,谈谈微笑的影响。中心明确是一篇好文章至关重要的特征,这在高分答卷中,特别是满分答卷中都有不同程度的体现。
    书写规范、语言流畅、中心明确是衡量一篇优秀习作的重要尺度,也是今年英语高考书面表达题高分答卷的三个重要特征。
    2017年的短文写作跟去年的要求差不多,都是要结合一个例子写一个话题作文,所以这种作文一般采用议论,记叙,再总结议论的形式。但是关于此类文章,题目中并没有给出很多的汉语提示,所以关于学生来说,要做到有话可说,有文字可写,还是要扩散自己的思维,增加相关信息,只有这样,才能充实一篇文章。另外,要注意一些高级词汇句式的应用,亮点提分。写好单句,学会使用更高级的词汇和句型,如状语从句,定语从句等。还要学会使用衔接词,以使行文连贯。请看2017年和2017年高考英语真题之书面表达(湖北卷)标准范文:
    (2017年)I still remember how nervous I was on my first day in the new school there years ago, when I found it difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class. The teacher spoke English throughout the class, which was totally different from the lessons I had taken before.
    In the morning class the next day, the English teacher came to me while I was reading the text aloud as other students. After listening to me for a while, she gave me a big smile and said she liked my voice very much. The smile shone on the whole day and the following days. A week later, I volunteered to take charge of English study in my class.
    Thanks to the comforting smile in my first morning class, I began to be confident.
    (2017年)Years of school life has taught me a lot of things, of which teamwork is the most important for me.
    In fact I didn't realize its importance until I was chozen monitor of my class in my senior middle school. At first I did most of the duties myself while other students cared little about class activities. As a result, I was tired out and depressed. Then I turned to my teacher and he advised me to cooperate with others. Thus I began to recognize the strengths of my classmates and have everyone do their part in class.
    It is working in teams instead of on my own that has freed me of trouble and made my work more efficient.
    此外,英语写作要求“形”不散“神”也不能散,这是考生在写作短文时尤其要注意的。
    就英语写作来说,“形”即文章的句子,“形不散”即句与句之间要连贯,句子要有变化;“神”即文章的中心,“神不散”即要围绕一个中心进行写作。下面就简单谈谈如何做到这一点。
    一、“形”不散
    1.使用连词、副词、过渡词语,使句与句之间连贯。常用的连词和副词有:
    (1)表并列联系的过渡词:
    and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, both... and, either... or, neither... nor
    (2)表递进联系的过渡词:
    besides,in addition(加之,除……之外),moreover(此外,而且),what's more,what's worse
    (3)表转折对比的过渡词:
    but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different form, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, here... there, years ago... today, this... that, the former... the latter, then... now, the first... whereas the second, once... now, on the one hand... on the other hand ,some... others
    (4)表原因的过渡词:
    because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to(由于)
    (5)表结果的过渡词:
    so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, thereby, hence, so... that, such... that
    (6)表条件的过渡词:
    if, unless, on conditio

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