| （摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 近代中国在雅片战斗后开端逐步损失同一性和自立性，沦为列强竞相比赛的场地，作为国度门户的中国海关天然也不破例。列强的介入使近代中国海关成了一个比拟特别的机构，其固然机构在中国，德语专业论文，一切权归中国，绝年夜部门人员也是中国的，但详细的运转倒是以多数洋员为主导，依照本国的形式停止的。对清当局而言，洋员治理海关重要是基于外部财务和涉外胶葛斟酌；对列强而言，洋员掌握海关是保护其既得好处的斟酌。是以，海关的有用运尴尬刁难两边都是有益的，两边也都仅对海关坚持了无限的干涉，从而使其具有必定的自力性。海关的洋化和国际化其实不是一挥而就的，而是一个清当局和列强和列强间在理论中赓续磨合和调和的进程。其外面上是海关税务司的小我尽力和感化，现实上则是列强间争取中国的实际反应。在这场争取中，德国人是居于弱势的主要位置的，而英国人则一直居于安排性的焦点位置。因为海关重要是作为一个履行其既得好处而不是进一步牟取好处的对象而存在的，是以列强的重要目标在于经由过程过度干预以包管其按合同划定正常运转而不是完整掌握。但中国近代化的须要付与了海关洋员本职以外的更年夜的发挥空间，海关洋员由此又成了中国近代化的序言。洋员进入中国海关中的门路是多样的，目标也是庞杂的。其面对的不只是根本公私好处的考量和决定，还有国度好处间的衡量和弃取。基于海关洋员的平易近族性，其一直会是中国国度好处的潜伏隐患；但基于中国近代化的须要，其却又是弗成或缺的。两者若何公道衡量，德语论文，是一个相当庞杂和奥妙的成绩，汗青在这里为我们供给了一个活泼的舞台。本课题重要梳理和研究的这个汗青舞台中德籍关员的运动，研讨在中西融合的海关中的德籍关员的衡量弃取，进而为实际中的的中外协作与交换供给一些汗青自创。 Abstract: Modern China after the Opium War beginning gradual loss of identity and independence and become the venue for the great powers compete in the game, as a national portal of China Customs natural is no exception. The intervention of the Western powers to the Chinese modern customs into a compare institutions in particular, the course mechanism in China, all the rights belong to China, the vast Nianye sector personnel is Chinese, but with the operation is dominated by a majority of the foreigners, according to their form. To the Qing government, important especially in the management of customs is based on considering the external financial and foreign glue Gregory; of powers, they grasp the Department is to protect the vested interests of the discretion. To customs useful transport awkward make things difficult for both sides is beneficial, both sides also only to the customs adhere to the infinite interference, so that it has a certain independence. Customs of westernization and internationalization actually is not easy, but a Qing authorities and powers and column Qiangjian in theory continuously running and reconcile the process. The outside is customhouse for ego to try and influence, reality is great powers for the actual reaction of China. In this fight, the Germans are in the main position of the weak, and the British people have been living in the focal point of the arrangement. Because the customs is important as a fulfilling the vested interests rather than further reap the benefits of an object exists, to the powers of the important goal is through the process of excessive intervention to ensure its according to the contract stipulation normal operation instead of the full grasp. But in the process of modernization of China needs entrusted o-ver other than his own more space to play, all o-ver thus became the prologue to China's modernization. In the way foreigners entered the China customs is diverse, and complex target. The face is not only the fundamental public benefits considerations and decisions, and the interests of the state and the measure of choice. O-ver the ethnic based on, always is the Chinese national interests in the latent danger; but for the needs of China's modernization, the but again is indispensable. How fair measure, it is a very complex and secret result, the history has provided us with a lively stage here. The subject important carding and research of the stage of history of Sino German nationality customs officers of the movement, and to explore in the fusion of Chinese and western customs of German officers to measure trade-offs, and actual Sino foreign cooperation and exchange to provide some history created. 目录: 摘要 5-6 Abstracts 6 0 前言 8-12 0.1 探讨的缘起 8-9 0.2 探讨近况 9-12 0.3 文章的思路与结构 12 1、国际与国内形势 12-15 1.1 国际形势 12-14 1.2 国内形势 14-15 2、海关形势 15-21 2.1 海关洋员制度的由来 15-16 2.2 中德涉及海关问题的各种协定 16-21 3、中国海关中的德国人 21-32 3.1 德璀琳 21-26 3.2 穆麟德 26-28 3.3 康发达 28-30 3.4 夏德 30 3.5 费拉尔 30-31 3.6 布廉恩 31 3.7 赫美玲 31-32 3.8 阿理文 32 4、结语 32-35 附表 35-40 参考文献 40-45 致谢 45-46 已的学术论文 46 个人简历 46 |
