A grammatical tense is not time itself, and there is no aspect that is not directly connected with time. Time is endlessly moving, while linguistic time-related concepts including tense and aspect are relatively linear and static on the whole. This di...
A grammatical tense is not time itself, and there is no aspect that is not directly connected with time. Time is endlessly moving, while linguistic time-related concepts including tense and aspect are relatively linear and static on the whole. This difference may be the fundamental reason why there are so many theories concerning tense/aspect categories in any language. It may be expressed that linguistic time-related concepts have cultural backgounds found in a particular language.
This study aims at revealing causes of non-equivalence and strategies for improving equivalence in English-Korean translation of time-related expressions. To accomplish this aim, this study has first analyzed previous s and academic reference books in linguistics of both English and Korean as well as in the field of English-Korean translation. It has also investigated and examined different viewpoints on ‘time’ in order to understand the concept of tense and aspect in accordance with time-related expressions. Finally, TL data related to time expressions have been collected mainly from the homepage () of the National Institute of the Korean Language.
The contents of this study are as follows: Analysis and Comparison of Time-related Grammar & Expression between English and Korean (chapter 2), Non-equivalence Causes of English-Korean Translation within Time-related Expressions (chapter 3), Equivalence Strategies of English-Korean Translation of Time-related Expressions (chapter 4).
In this regard, this study shows that tense and aspect cannot always be metaphrased in translating English into Korean. It is because the grammatical categories and usage of time between two languages are radically different. Tense, in English, is a grammatical concept of verb that indicates whether an event or a state referred to in a sentence is located in the past, in the present, or in the future. Unlike tense, aspect as a time of situation stands for a grammatical representation of duration, completion, and repetition of event or state.
However, in terms of conjugation, Korean represents tense, aspect, mood, and even social relationship in various ways beyond verb-level. Since Korean is an agglutinative language, its morphemes combine with verb/adjective stem to represent tense/aspect. Korean tense/aspect are realized in a verb with single morpheme(s) like as ‘-ət-(-었-)’ showing the past tense, ‘-nun-(-는-)’ the present tense, and ‘-get-(-겠-)’ the future tense. Besides, English clearly distinguishes action (or dynamic) verbs from stative (or state) verbs, while Korean has no stative (or state) verbs.
Korean adjective or noun functions as English stative (or state) verb by expanding morphology or making compound verb. The stem of Korean adjective or noun combines with ending morpheme ‘-da(-다)’ or ‘-hada(-하다)’ to be functioned as the English stative (or state) verb like as ‘Won(noun: 원)-hada(ending: -하다)’ meaning English stative verb ‘want(원하다)’, ‘PilYo(noun: 필요)-hada(ending: -하다)’ meaning English stative verb ‘need(필요하다)’, and ‘Al(verb stem: 알)-da(ending: -다)’ meaning English stative verb ‘know(알다).’ Also, Korean adnominal clause endings are considered as tense/aspect factors such as ‘-nun(-는/-ㄴ)’ for the present situation, ‘-dən(-던)’ for the past situation, and ‘-ul-(-을/-ㄹ)’ for the future situation. As we pay attention to the context of Korean sentence(s), the endings of adnominal clause are grammatical morphemes connected with tense/aspect including mood and modality. Especially, Korean time-related adverbs may frequently show tense/aspect independently. Further, Korean has no clearly external form distinguishing perfect aspect from imperfect one, and its present tense sometimes tends to cover all the tenses/aspects including past & future tenses and perfect & progressive aspects. Because of these differences, English-Korean translation of time-related expressions often entails non-equivalence. English verb is frequently expanded out of verb-class through morphological expansion.
This study suggests that English-Korean translators need to use two strategies for a better translation of ‘time-related expressions’: ‘translation through conversion of parts of speech’ and ‘translation through grasp of contexts.’ The former strategy means translating through conversion of [a] part[s] of speech into other class. It mainly reflects lexical/syntactic differences between English and Korean in terms of their grammatical function. That is why Korean tense, unlike English tense, is not always expressed by verb, but often implied by adverb, and sometimes tense information appears in the inflection of adjective, and even in noun and article with a verb-like quality of tense/aspect. The latter strategy means translating by way of grasping the effects of semantic performance within underlying structure without using external tense/aspect. It principally uses the grammatical characteristics of Korean. That is why Korean time-related expressions including tense and aspect come to be often situated and decided in the sentence context.
Now that two useful strategies are introduced for reducing non-equivalence causes in English-Korean translation of time-related expressions, it is urgent to develop effective strategies of trnaslation by cultivating further detailed skills of of translating. Then sooner or later, there will be the day when we can see lots of more desirable products of translation based positively on equivalence between English and Korean.
，韩语论文范文，韩语论文范文 |
