A study on how to ensure simultaneity in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation : Syntactic linearity techniques and causative sentences
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between Korea and China in 1992, bilateral exchange and cooper...
A study on how to ensure simultaneity in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation : Syntactic linearity techniques and causative sentences
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between Korea and China in 1992, bilateral exchange and cooperation have increased in diverse areas. Accordingly, the demand for Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation has grown rapidly and a large number of professional interpreters are actively working in this field. There are also many future interpreters who have taken up interpretation and translation as their major at graduate schools and are being trained to become professional simultaneous interpreters.
However, most of these students experience a number of difficulties as they have to carry out the tasks of listening, speaking and remembering at the same time during the simultaneous interpretation process, in which there is little time gap between the presentation of source text and that of target text.
This is especially true in the case of simultaneous interpretation between Korean and Chinese, which have different word order systems - SOV vs. SVO - and disparate information arrangement structures in terms of adnominal phrases and keywords. As interpreters cannot foresee the verbs and keywords that come later in order in Korean sentences, they are more likely to have pauses, omissions and errors in interpretation.
To deal with these problems, and to promote the 'simultaneity' of Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation by minimizing the time gap between the presentations of source text and target text, the researcher examined the possibility of the application of five simultaneous interpretation techniques based on a syntactic linearity strategy composed of segmentation, repetition, anticipation, simplification and conversion as well as the formation of causative sentences. In addition, tests were undertaken to explore the potential of these techniques in enhancing simultaneity in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation and the effect of simultaneous interpretation class.
In relation to this, the researcher posited in Chapter 1 that the syntactic linearity techniques and formation of causative sentences can be useful for simultaneous interpretation and showed the results of a survey on the awareness of 15 Chinese native language editors/translators related to causative sentences as a way to illustrate their effectivity.
In Chapter 2, analysis was made on factors aggravating the difficulties of Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation with a focus on the cognitive burden resulting from multitasking and linguistic typological differences between the two languages. In addition, examples showing the difficulty of ensuring simultaneity in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation were presented.
In Chapter 3, the possibility of applying the syntactic linearity strategy, which is accepted as the 'golden rule' that promotes simultaneity in English-Chinese simultaneous interpretation in China, to Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation was explored.
Chapter 4 was devoted to the analysis of the possibility of applying causative sentences to complement the five interpretation techniques. First, concerning the classification of causative types, Talmy (1976) proposed that sentences containing the meanings representing cause and effect can be regarded as causative sentences, and these semantic causative types have been adopted for this study. Next, to examine the awareness of future interpreters on the classification of causative sentences in Korean texts in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation, a test was carried out on students enrolled at the Advanced Interpretation and Translation Program in the Graduate School of International Studies, Chung Ang University. Then, two Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation tests were held on the same subjects.
The test results confirmed, first, that the subjects had a broader classification of causative sentences than usual in the awareness test postulating Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation. Second, in the simultaneous interpretation tests, the researcher discovered among the subjects an active tendency to change, from the Korean source text, not only causative sentences containing causative markers but also those containing the meanings representing cause and effect into causative sentences in Chinese. Third, when causative target text was formed in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation, the subjects tended to apply 'anticipation' on the following clause beforehand. In other words, when they anticipated that the preceding clause was the cause of the following clause not yet spoken, they formed causative sentences more actively. In addition, techniques such as segmentation, simplification, repetition and conversion were used. Fourth, in the case of sentences with excessively long adnominal phrases and several embedded clauses, students were still seen to have difficulties in changing them into Chinese target text.
In the interviews made after the tests, most of the subjects said that their spontaneity and contextualization in Korean-Chinese simultaneous interpretation improved, and answered that the degree of the improvement was about 20 to 30%. Some subjects even likened these techniques to 'an oasis in the desert' or 'an exit in a locked room.' With regard to the future prospect of their application, most interviewees said that they would try to master the techniques through repetitive training, and many said that they would use sight translation specifically to train themselves.
Based on these analysis results, the following future tasks are suggested: classification and application in classes of Korean sentences containing causative attributes; integrated education of repetitive training of simultaneous interpretation techniques based on syntactic linearity and formation of causative sentences; classification of predictive markers for the following clauses; and systematic education on linguistic typological features of Korean and Chinese.
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