The purpose of this study is to examine the language transferability decision of Japanese-speaking learners of Korean by the rule of markedness of Lexical and Pragmatic meanings through translation and investigate the common psychotypological semantic structure, which can be applicable to world-wide language. The 'Juda(give)' verb, a basic word which exists in Korean, Japanese and most of the other world languages, has common meanings and furthermore, similar Benefactive Construction of Grammaticalization Account has been found. Besides, although the Korean ‘Juda(give)’ verb and the Japanese ‘Ju-Ju Dousi(Give Receive verb)’ share same semantic function as Benefactive Construction, the use of each word expression have many differences. Various studies of ‘Ju-Ju Dousi(Give Receive verb)’ have been achieved in the Japanese linguistics field and they have proved Korean-speaking learners of Japanese shows high percentage of L1 transfer due to the similarities of two languages, in both the positive and negative sides. And because of the Japanese 'Ju-Ju Dousi' have been advanced more complicatedly, Korean-speaking learners have to undergo difficulties. But it doesn't ensure that learners in opposite situation, native language is more complicate than target language, would acquire the target language easily. The Markedness Differential Hypothesis is one of the model that can explain the relative difference of L1 and L2 causes the degree of the acquisition difficulty.
Markedness can be applied to analyze the language transfer appearance. Kellerman(1979) gave the sentences using the 'breken' and 'break' to the Dutch learners and made them to decide the 'break' sentences are grammatically correct or not. As a result, the higher pro-answer sentences, which means the more transferable, the word 'breken' used in more core and unmarked meaning. The 'breken' study is very important example for the learners decision making of transferability, still it has some points of discussion. First, to give the translated ‘break’ sentences and make the respondents decide the grammatical correction is a passive work and has possibility that it cannot reflect the real speech function. Moreover, the sentences used in this study seem to be selected by the Lexical meanings, which cay be suspected that cannot measure the knowledge and transfer of the Pragmatic layer. To supplement these points, some treatment had been settled in this study.
First, as the Kellerman(1979) study did, Japanese-speaking learners were given 15 'Ju-Ju Dousi' sentences and grouped similar meanings. This experiment can show the markedness order of 'Ju-Ju Dousi' meanings. Secondarily, to investigate the language transfer more clearly, the respondents don't decide the given sentences to be correct but translate themselves. The translation were given both Japanese to Korean and Korean to Japanese to find out the understanding and expression knowledge.
The result shows that the Markedness stage of the lexical layer couldn't explain the transfer of 'Ju-Ju Dousi' and 'Juda' verb. Analyzing the answers and interview, though the respondents know the common core meaning of 'Juda' verb and 'Ju-Ju Dousi', they decide the transferability depend on the Pragmatic conditions, not only the Lexical meaning. In other words, they weigh the Pragmatic condition is neutral - unmarked or not, and both the Korean and Japanese are very sensitive of politeness condition so they tend to decide the marked, politeness condition.
It is uncapable to bisect the Lexical meaning and Pragmatic meaning clearly. Since the Language knowledge doesn't exist independently but operate between the human cognitive system, Lexical meaning is always tuned by culture and it thus appears that Lexical and Pragmatic meanings occupy only the relative position, influence each other so that constitute the fuzzy gradations, instead of the steps. The basic vocabulary, 'Juda' verb is strongly related to the politeness expressions, and hard to separate the Pragmatic meanings. It is needed that teaching the vocabulary have to contain the Pragmatic meanings more, so it can access to the cognitive model of all the language have.
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