The most characteristic aspect of Korean language may be its honorific expression compared with other languages. It has been the continuous subject of interest and discussion ever since researches on Korean language had begun and by the accomplishment...
The most characteristic aspect of Korean language may be its honorific expression compared with other languages. It has been the continuous subject of interest and discussion ever since researches on Korean language had begun and by the accomplishment of the researches, the structure and phenomena of honorific expression have been almost revealed. In this situation, the reasons that this study took the honorific expression as its research topic now are: First, the structure of the honorific expression, also is being discussed diversely and complicatedly as much as its various methodologies; Second, the explanatory method of especially the subject, the object and the addressee among various discussions is effective; Third, honorific expression should be explained within the same frame as other grammars as a part of grammatical categories. The first work after choosing the topic was to explain it in the same frame as the expressions with passive verb or causative verb, paying attention to the fact that the core part of honorific expression phenomena is morpheme connected to declinable words part. However, since honorific phenomena can be found not only in verbs but also in adjectives, the first work came to nothing. And yet, I decided to proceeded this study with the idea that honorific expression is also ‘a grammatical phenomenon in which a certain meaning is realized in a specific formal process’ like other grammatical categories.
Thus, honorific expression should be viewed from grammatical aspect and it was judged that approaching it with verb features could draw a universally valid description. So, I set the sub-structure of honorific expression as the binary system of ‘title of honor’ and ‘title of modesty’ and has examined that focusing on the verb features.
First of all, in the introduction, the concept of honorific expression and the topic of the predicate setting, the structure and characteristics. In the chapter of the concept and principle of honorific expression, it has been viewed as [/superiority] and [-superiority], rather than as the oppositional factors like the existing ‘respectful, ordinary and disrespectful treatments’ or ‘honorific, ordinary and depreciatory terms’, ‘honorific’ and ‘modest.’ In other words, honorific expression was explained as an indication of [/superiority] in verb for superior party. And, ‘title of honor,’ a sub-structure as a predicate corresponding to the existing respective expression of the subject indicates [/superiority] if the person of the subject in sentence or enunciation is superior party and is displayed as the pre-final Ending {-시-}. And, for another one, the ‘title of modesty,’ as a predicate including the existing honorific expression of the object and that of the addressee, its [politeness] was focused. The [politeness] of behavior was viewed as that the subject of action is done politely, and the [politeness] of description as that the speaker speaks to the listener politely. It was judged that this methodology could solve the complicatedness of the structure of the above said honorific expression to a certain degree and the explanatory method of the subject, the object and the addressee could be evaded. In addition, I believe that from the grammatical perspective, the explanation of verb features with [superiority] and [politeness] only can acquire the consistency of grammatical description with other grammatical categories.
Based on this methodology, I have examined the historical phase of changes in honorific expression of Korean language. And reviewed the phenomena of honorific expression from ancient Korean to contemporary Korean according to the historical classification of Korean language by each age. For title of honor, pre-final Ending {-시-}, marker of title of honor {-께서}, {께} and for method by vocabulary, affix of title of honor {님} and vocabulary of title of honor were examined. Among titles of modesty, for the [politeness] of action, pre-final Ending {-삽-} and vocabulary of title of modesty, and for the [politeness] of description, pre-final Ending {-이-} and the final endings indicating this were examined. This is a method that divides it into [/superiority] and [-superiority] through the existence of combination of morphemes, and a deductive method which was substituted based on such an assumption. Consequently, in the frame of title of honor and title of modesty, no exceptional phenomenon has been found, and rather, the validity of grammatical description of dealing with ‘disrespectful treatment’ or ‘modesty,’ also was able to be secured.
In the ancient Korean language, ‘賜’ in title of honor and of ‘白’, ‘音’ in title of modesty, and in the former medieval Korean language, title of honor ‘賜’, ‘敎’, ‘敎是’ and ‘白’ in title of modesty are found. After the creation of Hunminjeongeum(the Korean script), in the later medieval Korean language, of {-시-} in title of honor and {-삽-}과 {-이-} in title of modesty are confirmed not to have any changes in the function but to show unsettlement in form until the 17th century. After the 18th century, the merge procedure of {-삽-} and {-이-}, that is, reconstruction is noticeable. This is a change in function and the reason is viewed as the functional similarity of the [politeness] of title of modesty. Based on the phase of changes to modern Korean language, title of honor and title of modesty are judged to maintain the [/superiority] and [-superiority] in the division setting, so it is suggested that the various division settings in contemporary Korean like honorific expression of counterpart should also be binary system.
In the conclusion, based on the result of the study, I divided the phases of change in the structure of honorific expressions into four periods, centering around the characteristics of the phase of change by each period: the first, the period of emergence(
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