Raising hope of adolescences, who are experiencing negative emotions in the periods of building identities can make their present and future lives abundant. Preliminary to raising hope of adolescence, hope assessment applied by an appropriate hope sca...
Raising hope of adolescences, who are experiencing negative emotions in the periods of building identities can make their present and future lives abundant. Preliminary to raising hope of adolescence, hope assessment applied by an appropriate hope scale is required.
However, it has been found out that there aren't any tools to estimate hope of adolescence considering a characteristic of hope which is multi-dimensional, and sociocultural background of South Korea. This brings the necessity of developing a hope scale to measure the hope of South Korean adolescence appropriately.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a hope scale of adolescence reflected by sociocultural background of South Korean adolescence.
Procedure, method and result of the study are the followings.
Item extraction and categorization
1. Item extraction : 76 students from third grade of middle school, and first and second grade of high school have been asked to reply on 9 open-questions related to definition of hope, a way of chasing hope and others. Qualitative data from those replies has been classified according to different significances and topics, and 105 items has been extracted.
2. categorization : 105 items have been classified into multidimensional attribute of hope provided by Default and Martocchio(1985), and they were categorized into 25 items of affective dimension, 23 items of cognitive dimension, 21 items of behavioral dimension, 22 items of affiliative dimension, 5 items of temporary dimension, and 9 items of contextural dimension.
Items from each dimension have been once again segmented by their topic and significance similarities. The segmented categories are: affective dimension for faith in consequences of future and feelings accompanied by hope, cognitive dimension for evaluation of goal achievement, recognition of way to disposal and evaluation of opportunity, behavioral dimension for life with positive attitude, hard working life, and life with challenge to goal achievement, affiliative dimension for social relationship, self-value and meaning of life, and religious faith, temporary dimension for time, and contextural dimension for hope related to socioeconomic environment, and volunteering·courage·belief.
Verification of content validity
1. Verification for validity of categorization : Validity of categorization has been verified by doctors of nursing, literature, and other valid professions in the first stage.
2. Selection of representative items : With a professional of scale development, items representing each segmented category have been selected. The number of items from segmented categories are 31 items overall : 6 items from affective dimension, 7 items from cognitive dimension, 7 items from behavioral dimension, 7 items from affiliative dimension, 1 item from temporary dimension, and 2 items from contextural dimension.
3. Description of prudential items : For clear understanding of meanings of selected 31 items, items have been described in a present-tensed simple sentence, and 6 items of negative sentences were included.
4. Evaluation of item appropriateness and accuracy : In order to make clear whether hope-measuring items are appropriate and the meaning of items are well delivered, sentences have been refined by 5 Korean language teachers of high school and 11 high school students. Preliminary test was conducted using 31 items, which went through verification of content validity to find potential problems when being used in Hope Scale of Adolescence. Preliminary test was conducted by Likert type 6point measure, and the purpose of test was to identify the time required for the test, problem of delivering meaning in each item, reliability of the instrument and so on. The time required was 8 minutes to 15 minutes and there were no questions from the students asked about problems related to meaning delivery. In the internal consistency reliability test it showed Cronbach's α = 0.91.
Final confirmation of measurement items
In the result of survey, which conducted to 640 people with 31 items of 6 point scale there were two items that had figures of below .15 in internal consistency reliability test and mean average corrected item total correlation, which is a permissible level of item removal according to factor analysis. However, one of two items was the only item that belong to the temporary dimension and the other one was above permissible level in internal coherence and average score, therefore those two items were included in the final items. Factor loading of each item was above .4 in all. In this process, the meanings of two items classified as 'evaluation of possibility of goal achievement' factor, found to be identical and the one with high corrected item total correlation was included in the final list.
Reliability and validity verification of final 30 items
Verification reliability : It showed Cronbach's α = 0.90 in the result of internal consistency reliability
Construct validity:
1. Factor verification : 6 factors were identified after conducting principal component factor analysis using Varimax rotation technique. Considering the Scree test result and representative significance of factor, 4 factors were settled : they are faith on one's life and value, endeavoring life toward future, trust in future life, and evaluation of possibility in reaching a goal.
2. Verification of convergent-discriminant validity
Convergent validity: convergent validity was verified by the relevance between life satisfaction of and positive correlation of hope. By back translating, Scott Huebner's(2001) Life Satisfaction Scale went through the process of verification for content validity. Then it had the reliability confirmation process(Cronbach's α = .86), and the result showed corelation of r=.619(p<.01) with the developed instrument.
Discriminant validity: discriminant validity was proved by the verification of inverse tendency between hope and depression. The corelation between Korean version of Noh, Avison & Kaspe's depression scale(revised CES-D-K), which shows high reliability, and newly developed juvenile hope scale in this research appeared to be r=-.257(p<.01).
In the event, Adolescence Hope Scale, which is developed as 6 point scale of 30 items, went through the process of extraction of hope scale items from qualitative data of juvenile, classification of extracted items into multi-regional characteristics of hope, and selection of representative items. So it made a thorough verification of content validity, and applied appropriate reliability and verification method of construct validity against large number of juveniles. Showing high reliability and validity, it is expected to be an appropriate instrument to measure adolescence hope.
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