This study is a convergence research which closely linked ‘Humanities and Social Research’ analytically considering the result of literature research on and on-site investigation of ‘ancestral ritual foods’ ‘pyeon’ from the cultural perspe...
This study is a convergence research which closely linked ‘Humanities and Social Research’ analytically considering the result of literature research on and on-site investigation of ‘ancestral ritual foods’ ‘pyeon’ from the cultural perspective with jong-ga, i.e. a traditional family representing our country as a spatial background with ‘Natural Science Research’ on functionality of song-gi used for ‘pyeon’ using the keyword “ancestral ritual foods.”
The purpose of this study is to record ancestral ritual foods which are partly preserved and partly changed with jong-ga with the center at the present point of time, and to make clear the food & nutritional value and constipation improvement effect of song-gi as an ingredient of song-gi-songpyeon which is currently used in the form of utgitteok at jong-ga in Gyeongsangbuk-do region. With this, this study was intending not only to consider ‘pyeon’ as one of jong-ga ancestral ritual foods from the perspective of food culture history but also to present a new research model through functional investigation into used ingredients. Also, this study was intending to make use of jong-ga ancestral ritual foods as health-oriented general foods by reviving them in line with today’s food culture, not just as ritual foods.
‘Pyeon’ is divided into bonpyeon and utgipyeon, and there are a wide variety of sorts, shapes and colors of utgipyeon according to cooking methods and supplementary ingredients contrary to sirutteok the base form of bonpyeon. Color is raised by stacking it by layer after putting vegetable food ingredients, such as song-gi, mugwort leaves, and ramie leaves into white rice flour dough, making the color of ‘pyeon’ harmonious.
Especially, song-gi among the supplementary ingredients used for ‘pyeon’ symbolizes an upright spirit of ancestors like a pine tree, and has the meaning of descendants’ honoring and carrying on their ancestors’ living pattern and life. In addition, it is presumed that utgipyeon might be used not only as a color fixing agent but it might be also used as antibacterial action against perishable tteok.
It’s possible to classify the important analysis standard of jong-ga ancestral ritual foods into a region and a hakpa (school), which were found to a considerable influence on the goim (setting) form and cooking method of ‘pyeon’ which represents and symbolizes one’s family. Regionally considered, in case of Gyeonggi region, ‘pyeon’ setting (goim) is divided into the form of stocking bonpyeon only without utgipyeon, and the form of covering the edge of sirutteok with utgipyeon hwajeon after using sirutteok as bonpyeon in case of stocking utgipyeon. In case of Chungcheong region, sirutteok was used as bonpyeon while using only one sort of Korea-style pancake as utgipyeon; also, in case of Honam region, it was found that 2 sorts of sirutteok and one sort of utgipyeon were used in common. In case of Yeongnam region, it was found that several kinds of sirutteok were used as bonpyeon, together with 22 sorts of utgipyeon, showing a diverse, colorful characteristic.
Also, this study found that the jong-ga in Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Honam regions, which belong to Giho-hakpa, and pursue practical interests, were so strong in their practical inclination that sorts of bonpyeon and utgipyeon were not diverse, whereas jong-ga belonging to Yeongnam-hakpa, which regards the cause of ethics as important, were so strong in their conservative inclination that there were diverse sorts of bonpyeon and utgipyeon; especially in case of dongot-tteok used as ‘pyeon’ of ‘Chungjae jong-ga’, it was found to be still preserved as it is although its cooking method is tricky and requires a lot of time.
As for ‘pyeon’, the researches on functionality of different food materials like jujube, mugwort leaves, ramie leaves, black seed, a manna lichen, chestnut and soy, etc. which are red, blue, black, yellow, have been performed, but this study couldn’t find the research on functionality of song-gi having red anywhere.
It was found that song-gi is rich in minerals like potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), etc., and it was analyzed that there was total poly- phenol content in song-gi (PIB) and song-gi powder (PIBP) amounting to 9026.57±187.84 mg CE/100 g, and 4079.54±203.77 mg CE/100 g, respectively. Also, PIB, and PIBP were found to still contain a large quantity of flavonoid with 54.84±1.86 mg QE/100 g, and 107.11±3.17 mg QE/100 g in total flavonoid, respectively although the content is less comparing to the husk of a pine tree which is known to be rich in antioxidative component. The husk of song-gi is inedible, but pinus radiata D. Don is acknowledged as “a raw material usable as a food” in 「Korean Food Standards Codex」 , and therefore, this study could confirm that song-gi becomes a useful material in making use of it for health-oriented general food.
The dietary fiber content of PIB and PIBP is 55.98±0.88 g/100 g, 68.10±0.71 g/100 g, respectively, containing a large quantity of dietary fiber, among which insoluble dietary fiber was found to contain about more than 90%.
As a result of confirming the constipation improvement effect by supplying PIBP having high content of insoluble dietary fiber to lab animals, this study deducted a positive result from the indicator related to constipation impro- vement, such as the higher the content of PIBP, the more the pieces of droppings (p<0.05), and droppings weight (p<0.001) increased, and the more the time for dung passing through intestines shortened (p<0.001), etc. regardless of constipation inducement. Also, this study found that the number of residual dung in entrails tended to decrease as the content of PIBP increased more although it was not statistically significant. As for the form of dung in entrails, it was found that entrails were blocked in case of the constipation inducement group; in contrast, in case of the PIBP added group, it was found that the size of droppings was big, and excretion speed was also constant. Like this, this study found that intake of PIBP containing insoluble dietary fiber in large quantities makes it possible to appease one’s hunger by absorbing and retaining intestinal moisture without being digested and absorbed, and further, dietary fiber in large quantities, which is rich in minerals and antioxidant, brings constipation improvement effects by promoting peristalsis.
Song-gi has been used as a food material for jong-ga ancestral ritual foods as a color fixing agent, which raises red on utgitteok, and the purpose of anti-bacterial action besides the value of “a mental food material’ symbolizing ancestors’ spirit and nature. However, this study hopes that it might be possible to impart a meaning of “Health-functionality food ingredient” appli- cable to health-oriented general foods as well to song-gi, not limited to its value and use as a customarily used mental food material.
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