This study aims to identify the internal structures and characteristics of derivative suffixes and prefixes of sino-Korean and Chinese language in a contrastive point of view and analyse the structures of sino-Korean and chinese derivatives based on t...
This study aims to identify the internal structures and characteristics of derivative suffixes and prefixes of sino-Korean and Chinese language in a contrastive point of view and analyse the structures of sino-Korean and chinese derivatives based on the basic principle of X-bar theory.
The study consists of seven chapters and is summarized as follows:
Chapter 2 presented a theoretical base of contemporary morphology to analyse sino-Korean and Chinese derivatives. Lexical category includes all the derivatives as a place of storing principles of word formation such as derivation and composition of words. Lexical head determines lexical categories in internal structures for which a condition of ‘ida’ which can be applied both in structural and semantic terms was used. It was assumed that zero-affix is included in the internal structure based on the hypothesis of empty category. However, all the qualities in heads of derivatives in internal structures are infiltrated into node of the first basin including qualities of lexical categories.
Chapter 3 identified characteristics of affixes of sin-Korean and Chinese language, set up standards of setting affixes, and developed a list of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes of sino-Korean and Chinese language were 39 and 32 respectively and suffixes of sino-Korean and Chinese language were 48 and 49 respectively.
Chapter 4 analysed the internal structures of Chinese derivative prefixes categorized into ‘common Korean and Chinese derivative prefixes’, ‘independent sino-Korean derivative prefixes’and‘independent Chinese derivative prefixes’ and identified positions of lexical heads in order to identify similarities and differences between them.
Some prefixes of sino-Korean and Chinese language have similar meanings and the others have totally different meanings. Prefixes of sino-Korean have flexibility in meanings while those of Chinese language have little flexibility in meaning.
The differences were categorized into seven in a structural level: 1) lexical categories of sino-Korean derivative prefixes are less diverse. 2) Lexical categories are changed by prefixes only in Chinese language. 3) Chinese language have more derivative prefixes which have lexical heads by addition of zero-affixes. 4) There are some cases that internal structures are different due to different parts of speech in the two languages. 5) Coinage of derivative prefixes of Chinese language reflects its syntactic structure while sino-Korean has the similar structure to the native tongue. 6) sino-Korean derivative prefixes are used more widely compared to the Chinese ones, but phrases or clauses sometimes appear as derivatives. Finally, 7) In respect to lexical category of suffixes, sino-Korean can have only concept words while Chinese language can have both concept words and expletives. 8) lexical heads of sino-Korean derivative prefixes appear to their right while those of Chinese language appear to their left or right.
Chapter 5 categorized types of sino-Korean and Chinese derivative suffixes presented in the list as in Chapter 4 and analysed their similarities and differences.
Suffixes which are used both in sino-Korean and Chinese language have differences as well as similarities in meaning. Sino-Korean suffixes have flexibility while Chinese ones have little flexibility.
The differences are categorized into five. 1) Lexical categories of sino-Korean derivative suffixes are less diverse than Chinese ones. 2) Sino-Korean suffixes can be freely combined with sino-Korean, native words and foreign words. 3) The locations of lexical heads of sino-Korean derivative suffixes are right while those of lexical heads of Chinese language are left or right. 4) Suffixes of Chinese language has a function of addition in addition to the function of category change. 5) In respect to lexical category of suffixes, sino-Korean can have only concept words while Chinese language can have both concept words and expletives. The two reasons of such difference are presented as follows: the one is that the two languages have different systems of speech parts classification and the other is that as Chinese language is a typical isolated language, it is combined with concept words or expletives without change in forms and became suffixes.
Chapter 6 analysed derivatives of sino-Korean and Chines language under an assumption that X-bar morphology is not completely same as syntactics, but its basic principle, that is, ‘Xn → …X(n-1)…’ is the same. The positions of lexical heads of the two languages in a structural perspective are generalized as follows:
For Sino-Korean derivative prefix and suffix, X is always a lexical head in a structure of ‘[[Y]/[X]] X]’.
For Chinese derivative prefix and suffix, X is always a lexical head in a structure of ‘[[X]/[Y]] X] or [[Y]/[X]] X]’.
Based on basic principles of the X-bar theory, the smallest unit that can appear independently in syntax X0, and the largest unit that can appear in lexicon is X0. Therefore, different layers of derivative units using the hierarchical structure of the X-bar theory were used to show hierarchical structure of the reiterative derivatives. The layers of derivatives suggested by this study are presented as follows:
Reiterative derivatives - word: X0, stem: X-1, root: X-2, the 1st layer derivative affix: X-1, the and layer derivative affix: X-2.
Simple derivatives - Stem and root are treated as the same concept and here a layer is root=stem: X-1.
Characteristics of non-lexical heads related to layers are presented as follows:
Lexical heads decide the lexical category of X, but non-lexical heads can not.
The layer of lexical heads and non-lexical heads is always X-1.
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