Ethnic Korean Chinese have lived in China over fifty years without any contact with South Koreans until the opening of diplomatic relations between Korea and the People´s Republic of China in 1992. Due to political and cultural differences, the Chine...
Ethnic Korean Chinese have lived in China over fifty years without any contact with South Koreans until the opening of diplomatic relations between Korea and the People´s Republic of China in 1992. Due to political and cultural differences, the Chinese Korean language (Joseoneo, the Korean language used by Korean Chinese) and the South Korean language have shown many differences in phonology, morphology, syntax and spelling system. Chinese Korean and its spelling have followed the norm of North Korean. Since Chinese Koreans are living in the multiracial country of China, their language has also been influenced by Chinese and minority group languages. Therefore, Chinese Korean shows great differences in phonology, spelling and vocabulary than South Korean.
Korean Chinese have been using 'the Spelling System of Chosun Language' since diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the People´s Republic of China. Due to frequent exchange with South Korea, South Korean has enormously affected Chinese Korean. Therefore, ethnic Korean Chinese people are now experiencing double difficulties since they have to use Chinese Korean spelling correctly as well as borrowing new Korean vocabulary. At this point, it is timely and valuable to study spelling differences between Chinese Korean and South Korean.
To show the spelling differences, I takes the same words from "Chosun Language Dictionary"(1992~1995) published by Language Research Institute of Yanbian and "The Great Dictionary of Standard Korean"(1999) published by the National Institute of the Korean Language. I try to analyze the orthographic differences of Chinese Korean and South Korean in phonology, phonemes, morphology, foreign loanwords and word spacing.
Each chapter is devoted to a distinctive topic on spelling differences between Chinese Korean and South Korean.
For the convenience of the reader, in Chapter 2 I summarize an overview of the historical changes in the spelling system of Chinese Korean and South Korean
Chapter 3 discusses the spelling differences of phonological phenomena and phonemic spelling. First, same words undergo the same phonological phenomena such as vowel shortening(diphthongs become simple vowels by glide deletion), tensing and n-insertion. Those words are pronounced the same but are spelled differently in Chinese Korean and South Korean. Second, phonemic spelling are different in Chinese Korean and South Korean. 1) Only South Korean words undergo the Du?m law(l-deletion, n-deletion, l-nasalization), and therefore South Korean words are spelled as they are pronounced. On the other hand, Chinese Korean words do not undergo the Du?m law, and therefore they are spelled differently from South Korean. 2) both Chinese Korean and South Korean words undergo umlaut. But umlaut is reflected only in the Chinese Korean orthography. 3) Some words with the same meaning in South Korean and Chinese Korean are pronounced differently as well as spelled differently. In this case they take different phonemes as their underlying representation.
Chapter 4 discuss the spelling differences in morphology. South Korean and Chinese Korean show spelling difference of allomorphs such as the past tense pre-final ending -?s'/-as'/-y?s' and the adverbial ending -?/-a/-y?. When the verb/adjective final syllable contains light vowels -a, -o in p-irregular verbs, Chinese Korean takes the adverbial ending -a and the past tense pre-final ending -as' while South Korean takes them -? and -?s', respectively. When the verb-final syllable contains front vowels, Chinese Korean takes the adverbial ending -y? and the past tense pre-final ending -y?s' while South Korean takes them -? and -?s'. Chinese Korean does not reflect epenthetic -s in spelling but South Korean does. Some adverbs in Chinese Korean and South Korean show orthographic differences with respect to the adverbial suffix -i and -hi.
In Chapter 5 I compare the word spacing of bound nouns and auxiliary verbs in Chinese Korean and South Korean. Bound nouns and auxiliary verbs of Chinese Korean are attached to preceding words and main verbs, respectively, while those of South Korean are not.
In Chapter 6 I discuss the spelling differences of foreign loanwords in Chinese Korean and South Korean. Vowels, word-initial s, word-final p, t, k, fricative/affricate/vowel, and consonants in the coda are spelled differently in Chinese Korean and South Korean.
In respect to transcription of vowels, when a vowel is not stressed and then it is reduced as []. South Korean spells a reduced vowel as '어' while Chinese Korean spells 'a' as '아’ as it is spelled. South Korean language borrows voiceless plosives /k, t, p/ of foreign loanwords and spell them as aspirated consonants ' ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ‘. On the other hand, Chinese Korean spells them as aspirated consonants 'ㅋ, ㅌ, and ㅍ' and tensed consonants "ㄲ, ㄸ and ㅃ’. The word-initial s of English and French is spelled as ‘ㅅ' in South Korean but as ‘ㅆ’ in Chinese Korean.
To sum up, this study has found that the spelling of Chinese Korean is close to that of Middle Korean and Modern Korean. Therefore, Chinese Korean orthography is more conservative than South Korean one. This study tries to prove the historical spelling change through middle Korean and modern Korean literature.
Since the People´s Republic of China was established in 1949, Chinese Korean has been greatly developed in many aspects. In the future, Chinese Korean will develop as a more normative and refined language. I hope that this study will contribute to the unification of Korean orthography.
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