This study is examining the aspect of confrontation of 「V-teiru」 in Japanese, I contrasted and considered the differences and characteristics about the expressions of tense-aspect between Korea and Japan. To do this, I classified the usage of mean...
This study is examining the aspect of confrontation of 「V-teiru」 in Japanese, I contrasted and considered the differences and characteristics about the expressions of tense-aspect between Korea and Japan. To do this, I classified the usage of meaning about 「V-teiru」, and looked from the perspective of time causes and crossover phenomenon as the theory of response-form. The result is as follows.
(1) To contrast the expressions of Tense-aspect between two countries, I classified the usage of meaning about 「V-teiru」. The usage of meaning about 「V-teiru」 I classified in six categories including the state of the continuous mind adding to the ‘progress’ ‘continuous state results’ ‘simple condition’ ‘repetition’ and career experiences ‘with the previous research.
(2) The analysis of the aspect of confrontation in Korean about 「The end of sentence V-teiru」 appeared in the Japanese novels shows that the results are as follows.
① The forms of response about 「V-teiru」 are ‘Subject/verb -ing’ ‘Subject/intransitive verb(a meaning of completion)’ ‘Subject/was(were) -ing (progressive meaning)’ ‘Subject/ was(were) -ing(a meaning of completion)’ ‘Subject/past verb -ing(progressive meaning of coming)’ ‘Subject/past verb -ing(progressive meaning of going)’ ‘Subject/past verb(a meaning of completion)’ ‘Subject/past verb(perfect meaning)’ ‘Subject/past verb(perfect meaning of doing)’ ‘Subject/verb(repetition of habit)’ ‘Subject/verb (repetition of action)’ ‘Subject/have ever been’ and ‘adjective’ that is, all various in 16 categories.
② The corresponding distribution by type in Korean about 「V-teiru」as follows : ‘Subject/verb -ing(progressive)’ 〉‘Subject/progressive action’ 〉‘Subject/active repetition’ 〉‘Subject/intransitive verb(a meaning of completion) 〉‘Subject/was(were) -ing (progressive meaning)’ 〉‘Subject/was(were) -ing(a meaning of completion)’ in order, among them, there were the most percentage of ‘Subject/was(were) -ing(repetition of past action)’ and ‘Subject/past verb(present, progressive, completed meanings)’.
③ The corresponding distribution by type in Korean, such as ‘Subject/verb -ing’ 〉‘Subject/progressive verb (action)’ 〉‘Subject/active repetition’ 〉‘Subject/intransitive verb(a meaning of completion)’ 〉‘Subject/was(were) -ing(progressive meaning)’ 〉 ‘Subject/was(were) -ing(a meaning of completion) has various meanings of tense-aspect. The 「V-teiru」 has only the meaning of ‘aspect’, on the contrary, Korean has wider range of tense-aspect than Japanese, because Korean language has meanings of tense-aspect.
(3) Through the corpus of Japanese, the characteristics of verbs by the usage of meaning of 「V-teiru」 and counterpart of Korean show that the results are as follows.
① The verb ‘progressive’ has the semantic feature [/continuance], responds to ‘Subject/verb -ing(progressive)’ and ‘Subject/active repetition’.
② The verb ‘continuance of a state of result’ has the semantic feature of [/character of conclusion] [±character of moments], according to the context, also has ‘continuance of a state of result’ and the ambiguity of ‘progress’.
③ The Forms of Korean of ‘continuance of a state of result’ have ‘Subject/progressive verb(action)’ ‘Subject/verb -ing’ and ‘Subject/progressive action’. The following characteristics of the verb for each type of response.
a) The verb for each type of response to ‘Subject/intransitive verb’ has [±character of moments] [/character of conclusion] [/character of accessibility], mostly composed of passive affixes such as ‘adverbs’ combined with suffixes such as ‘become -’, ‘becoming’ like relative intransitive verbs.
b) The verb responds to ‘Subject/verb -ing’ is verb and simultaneously transitive verb having [/character of conclusion][-character of moments].
c) The verbs responding to ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘subject/verb -ing’ are intransitive and transitive verbs one by one side in Japanese and Korean.
d) The verb responding to ‘Subject/past verb’ has the semantic feature of [±character of moments] [/character of conclusion] and ‘character of result’ in common.
④ The verb presenting ‘a state of continuous mind’ has the semantic feature of [/a state of being] [/character of conclusion], the meaning of tense presenting ‘a state of present’, mostly responding to ‘progressive tense’ and partly ‘Subject/ progressive action’.
⑤ The verb presenting ‘a state of simplicity’ has the semantic feature of [/a state of being], various response modality except ‘adjective’, has no meaning of aspect, as the meaning of tense, presenting ‘a state of present’ ‘a state of short time’ in Korean.
(4) The crossover phenomenon with the characteristics of the cause, ‘Subject/verb -ing(progressive)’ and ‘Subject/active repetition’, and ‘Subject/intransitive verb(a meaning of completion)/Subject/verb -ing(progressive)’ and ‘Subject/progressive action’ responding to 「V-teiru」in Korean, show that the results are as follows.
① The cause of crossover phenomenon has only the meanings of aspect of ‘Subject/verb -ing(progressive)’ ‘subject/intransitive verb/subject/present verb’ because ‘Subject/active repetition’ and ‘Subject/progressive action’ have the meaning of tense-aspect.
② Because the crossover phenomenon of ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘progressive verb’ has a wider range than ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘progressive verb’ in the category of tense-aspect, in case of responding to ‘progressive tense’, can be crossed, but if it is responded to ‘subject/intransitive verb’, it can not be crossed completely at all times.
③ The result of action in remaining of ‘subject/present verb/subject/verb/ing’ is focused on ‘durative’, and ‘subject/past verb’ is focused on ‘result’ because of the expressions of perfect tense and past tense, therefore the phrasal characteristics of verbs as [±character of moments] [/character of conclusion], and ‘character of result’ and can be fixed by the factors of context such as ‘change in status’.
④ In the previous study of usage of division in ‘subject/intransitive verb/ subject/be/ing’ and ‘subject/past verb’, the usage of is fixed ‘‘subject/intransitive verb/subject/be/ing’ and ‘subject/past verb’, according to the judgement of realizing in the situation changes and existence and nonexistence of confirmation and surprise about the situation changes. But through this thesis, there is the relation of the semantic feature of verb. In any case, the way of expressions can be different from focusing on ‘durative’ by the result of change or focusing on ‘result’.
As a result, ‘subject/intransitive verb and subject/past tense’ has the ambiguity in the sense of tense and aspect. Therefore, Koreans use the expression of ‘subject/ verb/ing,(present progress)’ to express the continuous action actively, except ‘subject/ intransitive verb’. And they use ‘subject/past verb’ - the perfect expression of ‘center of result’ instead of ‘subject/intransitive verb/subject/verb/ing’ by the objective explanation and description of situations and events, and ‘subject/verb -ing’ and the crossover phenomenon of ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘subject/past verb’ has the difference in the expression of tense-aspect between two countries. The difference of expressions of tense-aspect is caused by differences in perception of time because the tense and aspect is the grammatical category to express time.
The previous study, dealt with about the aspect of confrontation of 「V-teiru」 in Korean at many times, unlikely the category of simple form, I classified the aspect of confrontation formatively, especially, considered the crossover phenomenon and cause about ‘subject/verb -ing’ and ‘subject/intransitive verb’ and ‘subject/transitive verb/ subject/ver -ing’ and ‘subject/past verb’ Through this, by looking at the relationship between concept of time and expression of tense-aspect in two languages, I think that I have significance to grasp the expressive features of two languages.
In conclusion, Japanese, recognized with the center of the situation and scene, center of process partly, developed aspects of language, and advanced language, expresses subjectively in detail.
On the contrary, Korean, recognized the situations with the center of events and the center of result as a whole, advanced language, developed tense compared to the description of aspects objectively. On the basis of this study, in the educational aspect, practical aspects in use of 「V-teiru」 and the expression of tense-aspect for leaners in two languages, I want to study a lot in future research on how to study as one of my assignments according to the teaching method.
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