The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of use and semantic function to inductively reveal the aspect of usage and characteristics of compound conjunctive forms that are distinctive from connective endings. A compound conjunctive form... The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of use and semantic function to inductively reveal the aspect of usage and characteristics of compound conjunctive forms that are distinctive from connective endings. A compound conjunctive forms is a fixed expression in which various lexical items and grammatical items can be combined to carry out the function of a connective ending. To conduct the research, grammatical items listed in Korean language textbooks and grammar dictionaries were reviewed and a total of 87 compound conjunctive forms were chosen. The frequency of usage and examples were extracted from 4 million syntactic words of the research corpus that were made up of the four registers of academic prose, news, fiction, and spoken language, to use as material for the discussion. And then, based on the results of the frequency analysis of each register, the usage aspect of compound conjunctive forms depending on medium (spoken language/written language), genre (academic prose/news/fiction), and situation (formal/informal) were examined. The results are as following. Academic prose is a genre that deals with professional fields and therefore depending on the context, there was the characteristic of the structure of the text, and the usage of expressions and vocabulary being constrained. This characteristic was also reflected in compound conjunctive forms and it was used with high frequency in ‘-(으)ㄹ 때(에)’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 경우(에)’, ‘-기 때문에’, and ‘-기 위해(서)’, which generally offer logical grounds that support an explanation or opinion, or offer the background for the evolution of an argument. News is a genre that generally contains certain information, details about an event, and assessment of these. Therefore in the news, there is a concentrated use of expressions such as ‘-기 위해(서)’, ‘-(으)ㄴ 뒤(에)’, ‘-(으)ㄹ 때(에)’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 경우(에)’, and ‘-기 때문에, which are needed to explain the background to an event, time sequence relationship, and relational ties between people. Fiction is a genre that expands upon diverse events that surround the characters. Therefore expressions such as ‘-(으)ㄹ 때(에)’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 듯(이)’, ‘-(으)ㄴ 채(로)’, ‘-기 위해(서)’, and ‘-기 때문에’, which describe an event’s background or situation, time sequence relationship, and the actions or mentality of the characters, are generally used. Meanwhile in spoken language, as a genre that has the characteristic of real time interaction, there is a diverse range of material in the research corpus that includes daily conversations and public monologues such as sermons and lectures. There is a difference depending on the situation of speech, theme or the listener, however in general ‘-(으)ㄹ 때(에)’, ‘-아/어 가지고’, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 경우(에)’, and ‘-고 나서’ which show sequential time relationship, reason·cause, or condition·assumption, were used in high frequency In order to examine the form and syntax characteristics of compound conjunctive forms, classification according to the key vocabulary that make up the compound conjunctive forms into ‘bound noun focused forms’, ‘noun focused forms’, ‘ verb focused forms’ and ‘auxiliary verb focused forms’ was carried out. This classification follows morphosyntatic forms that is within the grammaticalization process of compound conjunctive forms. Compound conjunctive forms have differences depending on each expression but depending on the degree of the grammaticalization, the degree of morphological fixedness can be estimated. The grammaticalization of compound conjunctive forms with bound nouns and auxiliary verbs that serve as the focal vocabulary in the construction has progressed relatively well and thus the morphological fixedness is generally strong while compound conjunctive forms with nouns and predicates that serve as the focal vocabulary in the construction show a tendency of having weak morphological fixedness. Like connective endings, compound conjunctive forms syntactically also have constraints such as the predicate combined with a preceding ending, the combination of pre-final endings that reflect tense and aspect, subject of antecedent clause and following clause, and sentence type etc., and in many parts it was possible to explain through the form and meaning of compound conjunctive forms. In order to examine the semantic function and usage aspect of compound conjunctive forms, semantic categories were divided into 12 categories according to the semantic categorization system of connective endings which are as follows: ‘listing’, ‘opposition’, ‘purpose’, ‘background’, ‘reason·cause’, ‘time(simultaneous)’, ‘time(sequential)’, ‘condition·assumption’, ‘concession’, ‘selection’, ‘comparison’, and ‘degree’. When the central vocabulary’s meaning metastasizes to the compound conjunction formation, the compound conjunction construction acquires a new meaning and meanings such as aspect, modality, tense-aspect, and emphasis are reflected. In other words, negative assessment of a proposition, psychological attitude of the speaker such as speculation, will, duty, necessariness, and meanings such as worry, progress, repetition, and completion were clearly expressed. When the lexical meaning of the focal vocabulary overlaps with the meaning of the compound conjunctive forms, focalization also became one of its functions as it emphasized the main clause. The results of the study showed that compound conjunctive forms, which were generally considered as logical connective mechanisms, did not solely exist to function as a regulation system in order to produce sentences and meanings of accurate structure, but it could also be seen as a rich and flexible system that could express diverse speaker intention including the speaker’s attitude towards the details of a proposition. The principle of selecting compound conjunctive forms was also confirmed, and this principle can be seen as the selection principle for general grammatical item selection. First, the mode of discourse or purpose of utterance influenced the diversity of expression. Compound conjunctive forms were shown to have significantly lower diversity in expression in spoken language than when in written language. In most cases, this reflects the characteristic of spoken language to consider face-to-face real time interaction as its key characteristic. For instantaneous and quick relaying of communication, concise connective endings are preferred over the complex compound conjunction construction, On one hand in written language there were fewer numbers of expressions used in the news in comparison to academic prose or fiction. On the other hand it can be seen as a result that reflects the attribute of news to have the purpose of relaying accurate information. By using constrained expressions to accurately express the speaker’s intention, news reduces unnecessary misunderstanding. Second, the level of semantic prominence influenced the range of usage. In other words, this means that the more specific the meaning of a compound conjunctive forms, the coherence of use can be more restricted. In the case of compound conjunctive forms, the frequency is conspicuously low compared to connective endings, and distribution was high in certain registers. This is a different form from connective endings that generally show abstract grammatical meaning and are used in high frequency in diverse contexts. These facts regarding the use of compound conjunctive forms, and furthermore the use of grammar, tells us that information about register such as mode of discourse, situational context etc., that generally use grammatical items, needs to be presented in a richer way. This will contribute to learners using similar grammatical items distinctively and elevate grammatical competence and furthermore Korean performative competence. 참고문헌 (Reference) |
