This study aims at clarifying the acquisition of concord adverbs of the Chinese learners of Korean. The reason for focusing on concord adverbs is that it is predicted that learners of Korean may have difficulties in acquiring adverbs and their syntact...
This study aims at clarifying the acquisition of concord adverbs of the Chinese learners of Korean. The reason for focusing on concord adverbs is that it is predicted that learners of Korean may have difficulties in acquiring adverbs and their syntactical combinations. Syntactical combinations are mostly made through endings. Therefore, the Chinese learners of Korean are presumed to experience trouble in learning Korean because Chinese is an isolating language. Thus, this study targets the Chinese learners of Korean.
Chapter I states theoretical background by reviewing previous researches on adverbs. It suggests the need of giving attention to concord relations of adverbs and dealing with the whole of concord adverbs, not only certain modal adverbs.
Chapter II examines Korean linguistics studies on concord adverbs and made a classification of concord adverbs with some modifications: the modal adverbs co-occurred with the connective endings, the modal adverbs co-occurred with the prefinal endings/final endings, the adverbs co-occurred with the tense/aspect, and the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions.
Chapter III develops a test based on the classification of concord adverbs. The test has been conducted on 25 native Korean speakers and 50 Chinese learners of Korean, who were divided into 28 intermediate learners and 22 advanced learners according to the results of a proficiency test. The test included 12 adverbs, which were 아무리, 만약, 하도(the modal adverbs co-occurred with the connective endings), 과연, 아마, 제발(the modal adverbs co-occurred with the prefinal endings/final endings), 요즘, 방금, 이제(the adverbs co-occurred with the tense/aspect) and 전혀, 절대로, 도저히(the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions).
Chapter IV analyzed the data gained through the experiments in response to the research problems. First, are there any differences in the acquisition of concord adverbs between Chinese learners of Korean and native Korean speakers according to the types of concord relations? Second, does the acquisition of concord adverbs of the Chinese learners of Korean show distinction according to their proficiency?
The analysis results indicated that the average correct answer rate of the Chinese learners was over 70 percent, but there was a significant difference in the acquisition of concord adverbs between the Chinese learners and the native Korean speakers. It verified the difference in the use aspects of concord adverbs between the Chinese learners and the native Korean speakers. The native Korean speakers showed stable use of these adverbs in all 4 categories, while the Chinese learners’ use of these adverbs differed slightly depending on the classification and each adverb. In the case of the Chinese learners, the acquisition order by classification was as follows. The adverbs co-occurred with the tense/aspect were followed by the modal adverbs co-occurred with the connective endings, the modal adverbs co-occurred with the prefinal endings/final endings, and the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions in sequence. As for the intermediate learners, there was an acquisition delay of the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions. In terms of each adverb, learning difficulties lay in ‘도저히’ for all the learners, and ‘아마’ and ‘전혀’ for the intermediate learners. Frequency analysis showed specific differences between the Chinese learners and the native Korean speakers. The Chinese learners were not likely to distinguish the meanings in concessive connective endings and conditional connective endings among modal adverbs and showed a different preference for sentence types using ‘과연’ of confirmation from the native Korean speakers. It also proved that the Chinese learners had difficulties acquiring speculative expressions, and revealed the difference in the progressive use and the recognition of tense related to the adverbs co-occurred with the tense/aspect between the Chinese learners and the native Korean speakers. In the case of the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions, both positive transfer and negative transfer were found.
According to the analysis on acquisition of concord adverbs by the proficiency level of the Chinese learners of Korean, there was a statistically significant difference between the intermediate learners and the advanced learners. In addition, it was found that the acquisition of the concord adverb classification proceeded in the following order: the adverbs co-occurred with the tense/aspect ? the modal adverbs co-occurred with the connective endings ? the modal adverbs co-occurred with the prefinal endings/final endings ? the adverbs co-occurred with the negative expressions. The frequency analysis on the use of each adverb showed that the higher proficient the learners of Korean were, the more similar to the native Korean speakers’ use aspects theirs were. It signified that the delay in the acquisition of the intermediate learners would be overcome.
This study is meaningful from the fact that it pays attention to the syntactical combination of adverbs. If the concord adverb classification and the acquisition order are applied to Korean language education practices and the more information on the syntactical combination of adverbs is provided, the more effective way of teaching on adverbs it will bring.
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