This study put its main purpose in defining considerate expression as 'a comprehensive expression directing for equal interpersonal relation and including what is not verbalized as a language expression to maintain interpersonal relation with the othe...
This study put its main purpose in defining considerate expression as 'a comprehensive expression directing for equal interpersonal relation and including what is not verbalized as a language expression to maintain interpersonal relation with the others in a desirable relation', drawing out main types and involvement forms of Japanese considerate expression, analyzing the principle and characteristic of consideration and induction and understanding various phases of considerate expression appearing in Japanese in an organized way. Also in prediction of difference in expression style in each language, this study attempted to analyze Korean translation in correspondence to Japanese considerate expression from the contrastive viewpoint with Korean. To analyze major types and distinctive points of Japanese considerate expression, data-coding 5,000 utterance sentences intended for movie and drama as data and sub-divided by grouping. As a whole, set them to three types of formative, vocabulary and expression types and sub-classified them to 9 types, 3 types and 3 types respectively.
(1) Morphological level：① Non-affirmative type ② Non-square presentation type ③ Possible type
④ Profit and benefit implicative type ⑤ Damage implicative type
⑥ Interrogative･negative interrogative type ⑦ Perception sharing type
⑧ Intransitive･transitive verb corresponding type ⑨ Honoring type
(2) Lexical level：① Specifying type ② Relieving type ③Sympathizing type
(3) Expression type level：① Incomplete utterance type ② Addition type ③ Indirect speaking type
Analysis results of examples relevant to each level at the subject data can be pointed out as follows.
First, at the Morphological level, “Non-affirmative type”, “Non-square presentation type” avoids conclusion and considers the listener with indirect expression, whereas Korean translation indicated that it tends to present clearly and straightly. “Possible type” showing possibility in a placed situation though it is the speaker's definite expression is understood as the common strategy of both languages. “Profit and benefit implicative type” specifies the speaker's benefit to that bestowed by the listener and “Damage implicative type” expresses damaged fact as indirect one, which indicate the consideration of the listener, the two of which are understood as unique phenomenon only in Japanese, pointed out as difference between both Korean and Japanese languages. “Interrogative･negative interrogative type” is used to ask for the other's opinion, indicating consideration, and the latter acts as a more active persuasive expression, displaying considerate function, in Korean translation, 60% was corresponded as positive. “Perception sharing type” has a considerate function in that it induces unity and sympathy with the listener, but the case of being as unmarked in Korean translation(53.9%) is understood as unrelated to consideration. “Intransitive･transitive verb corresponding type” is s type to take either and indicate consideration, in which lays responsibility of an act on the speaker, so uses intransitive verb expression in considering the listener, in Korean translation, it is corresponded to transitive verb expression, so it often was not indicated as considerative expression of the listener. “Honoring type” Japanese uses various expressions, so positively relates consideration, whereas it shows tendency it is not corresponded as honoring type in Korean translation.
Second, in Lexical level, “Specifying type” uses phrases making clear the speaker's intention, indicates consideration to the listener directly. “Relieving type” shows a phase of not using negative expression directly and relieving utterance by adding adverbs, “Sympathy type” involves in consideration with lexical meaning to sympathize or induce sympathy from the listener. Japanese showed a tendency typified and ceremonial expressions were used in a various ways, which can be said to be one of strategies for smooth communication.
Third, in Expression type level “Incomplete utterance type” has a function of considering in that it does not speak a sentence to the end, but completes in the middle, allowing the listener's involvement. The use times of “Incomplete utterance type” was indicated as 27.0%, which showed the highest frequency among considerate expression types. This aspect is understood that Japanese takes on more expression type of incomplete utterance than completion type in expressing consideration, in Korean translation, complete utterance accounts for 69.8%, which shows difference in both languages. “Addition type” divided to word addition type and phrase addition type showed that 50.6% does not account for addition type in Korean translation. Japanese tends to express consideration by adding a word or a phrase before a speaker speaking an intended expression, in particular, a word addition type in interjection verbs is understood as frequently appearing phenomena. “Indirect utterance type” avoids direct imperative type, persuasive type, induces the listener's act and indicates consideration, Korean translation showed a tendency clearly expressing.
As above, at each level, various types and forms involve considerate expression with peculiar principles and characteristics and they are adopted as language operation strategy for smooth communication. They say that Japanese and Korean are very similar, but actually, it was clarified that there is difference in expression phase indicating consideration and strategy in operating language.
Also, major characteristic in Japanese considerate expression, quality of stratum was observed. In some case, not only one type of considerate expression in one utterance, but more than two types are used multiply, involving in a complex way. At the subject data, the case of considerate expression type being multiply used over two or nine times was investigated as 33.4%, which hints that Japanese has a very developed considerate expression type and uses various types multiply and carefully considers others. In Japanese, using considerate expression can be seen as an implied social promise in language behavior, so if it is not used properly, it can act as a factor impeding smooth communication, in this aspect, the proper use of considerate expression can be emphasized as a major strategy for smooth communication.
Finally, considerate expression does not have individual exclusive type, in some case, basic meaning and implication all types have acts as considerate expression, this aspect considered, it is thought to consider on a pragmatic level once in a while.
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