This will first of all look into the concepts and classification of the honorifics in Korean and Chinese. It shows some similarities that the honorifics of these two languages both focus on the marking of the positions in human society by using ...
This will first of all look into the concepts and classification of the honorifics in Korean and Chinese. It shows some similarities that the honorifics of these two languages both focus on the marking of the positions in human society by using the honorific expressions and that people choose an appropriate way of speaking according to the human relations such as the relationship between subordinates and superiors and the intimacy relationship. On the other hand, it shows the difference that in the terms for honorifics in Korean includes both respecting meaning and disrespecting meaning, while the terms for honorifics in Chinese such as ‘敬辭terms of respect’, ‘敬詞respectful words’, ‘敬語respectful phrases’, ‘禮貌語courteous language’ don’t include disrespecting meanings.
Moreover, by comparing the classification of the honorifics in Korean and Chinese, the similarities and differences between them will be found. There are similar parts in the principles of classifications of two languages. They have the same purpose that in order to maintain a good human relationships in the formal situation people use honorifics. In terms of the sentence constituents, two languages can be both divided into subject honorifics, object honorifics, and addressee honorifics. Meanwhile the object honorifics in Korean use specific vocabularies to express the respecting meaning like those in Chinese. However, the vocabularies which can be used in the honorifics are limited.
The difference of the classification between Korean and Chinese is that in Korean the subject honorifics are mainly used with the pre-final ending ‘-시-’ while the addressee honorifics are used with final ending. Especially the final endings which can be used in the addressee honorifics can be classified. However, in Chinese terms of respect and self-depreciatory expressions are used.
Furthermore, based on the comparison of the honorifics in Korean and Chinese, with the explanation and comparison of the honorifics in both languages, the differences and similarities of the lexical aspect in the honorifics can be found. The honorific expressions with nouns can be divided into noun / suffix, proper words and Chinese words and can be divided into respectful, ordinary and disrespectful treatments also. ‘Noun / suffix’ pattern has a strong derivability so that many appellations are produced. Proper words are limited into several noun honorific expressions while Chinese words patterns used with suffixes can be found more. The noun honorific expressions in Chinese can be divided into terms of respect and self-depreciatory expressions, which are used in the junior to senior or the subordinates to superiors. It is different from the tri-division in Korean. In addition the strong productivity of the honorific expressions in Chinese is one of its characteristics, which is similar or the same with the Chinese words in Korean. The nouns which express respect with the Chinese words in Korean are similar with those in Chinese in form and productivity and they both have low usability.
The personal pronouns in Korean can be divided into disrespectful, ordinary, respectful, and super-respectful treatments according to the degree of respect, while those in Chinese can be divided into disrespect, ordinary and respect treatments. However, by comparing these two languages, although there is no super-respectful treatment in Chinese, correspondent expressions can be found. The second person pronouns in Korean have some limitations so they cannot be used easily. Using the noun appellations repeatedly is one of the characteristics of the second person pronouns in Korean. There is no limitation for the second pronouns in Chinese so they can be used freely. The second person pronoun ‘당신’ in Korean is used only in disrespectful treatment while acting as a third person pronoun it is used in super-respectful treatment. As a result, the second person pronoun ‘您’ in Chinese cannot be translated into same counterpart in Korean.
The ‘noun / suffix’ pattern in Korean has relatively strong productivity so that many appellations can be produced, which is similar to the usage of the honorifics words in Chinese. There is no ‘prefix / noun’ in Korean while there are ‘prefix / noun’ and ‘noun / noun’ patterns in Chinese. As for the ‘noun / suffix’ pattern, there are non-relative address and relative address and the usage of them is similar. However, there is ‘prefix / noun’ pattern in Chinese while the prefixes are used with relative addressing words so that the non-relative addressing words are produced.
The general structure of Korean sentence is ‘subject / object / predicate’. The predicates in Korean are very important and the main factors to realized the honorifics in Korean no matter for the subject honorifics or the addressee honorifics. The honorific expressions with verbs in Korean can be classified into three kinds which are respectful, ordinary and disrespectful treatments.
There are some verbs for honorifics in Korean which can be used separately and can be divided into the subject honorific verbs and object honorific verbs. In Chinese, however, the verb honorifics are used in ‘honorific morpheme / noun’ pattern and can be divided into terms of respect and humble expressions with verbs. Actually the verb honorifics are not used often in oral Chinese.
The verb honorific words are mainly used with grammatical honorific pattern ‘-(으)시-‘, while in Chinese the honorific verbs have many limitations but the use of ‘請(please)’ makes up for those limitations and the ‘請(please) / noun’ pattern is a kind of expression with very respectful meaning and has been used very often. It can be well translated into ‘-(으)시-’ pattern.
This has showed the differences and similarities of the honorifics between Korean and Chinese. Through all these, the author hopes that it can be helpful to the Korean or Chinese learners and it can be a basic study for the honorifics studies and the Korean and Chinese honorifics education researches.
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