This study tries to look through the changes of conjunctive endings, one of the grammatical components, used very commonly in Korean Language, which were observed in colloquial references, especially in Nogeoldae and Baktongsa.
Korean Language, clas...
This study tries to look through the changes of conjunctive endings, one of the grammatical components, used very commonly in Korean Language, which were observed in colloquial references, especially in Nogeoldae and Baktongsa.
Korean Language, classified as agglutinative language, has considerably developed endings and post-positional words, and conjunctive endings had been used with plenty of varieties and multiple meanings among endings.
In the changes of this conjunctive endings, this study attempted to explain its categories by classifying into ‘generation’ of conjunctive endings, ‘extinction,’ ‘changes,’ ‘replacement’ by other conjunctive endings which belong to the same semantic category. In addition, this study tries to renew the definition of generation and extinction of conjunctive endings by limiting the observed colloquial references to Nogeoldae and Baktongsa. It is why the changes of conjunctive endings, used quite a lot in conversation, or spoken languages, has been revealed well in these two texts.
In chapter 2, generation was newly defined, and meanings and generation process of conjunctive endings was put into shape. Generation was considered as two categories ; the first category is the conjunctive endings which the previous conjunctive endings are united with several grammatical components. The other is the conjunctive endings which were generated through grammaticalization in diachronic construction. Where ‘-myeonseo’ is the ending for the former is and ‘-ljyaksimyeon’ for the latter.
The following is the generating process of conjunctive ending and the change of meaning.
Generation process of conjunctive ending :
‘-myeonsyeo’ : {-myeo/syeo >-myeosyeo >-myeonsyeo >-myeonseo([simultaneity of circumstance])
‘-ljyaksimyeon’ : {-l(adnominal ending)/jyak(dependent noun)/i(copula)/myeon(conjunctive ending)}
or{l(adnominal ending)/yaksk(dependent noun)/i(copula)/myeon(conjunctive ending)}
Change of meaning : {‘-ni, -meyon, -day’ >‘-ljyaksimyeon >-ljyagimyeon}
: its meaning had been reduced from [assumption] to [once reaching to the certain action].
In chapter 3, The meaning of extinction is defined differently from the existing one, and the process of ‘extinction’ is looked through. Extinction of conjunctive ending is categorized into 2 types ; the first is conjunctive ending disappeared completely in terms of form and meaning. ‘-lskalwa’ is the ending for the former and ‘-ljyagimyeon’ and ‘-nadeun,’ for the latter.
The following is the process and principle of extinct conjunctive endings ‘-lskalwa’, ‘-ljyagimyeon’, ‘-nadeun’. The generating process of ‘-lskalwa’, ‘-ljyagimyeon’ is from diachronic construction to morphological construction. Although generated through this process, the endings ‘-lskalwa’ and ‘-ljyagimyeon’ became extinct after having been used for a single century. The extinction had proceeded from {N/ae michamyeon} to {Vs/eul/reul micheo}, which became extinct by changing into the structure of diachronic construction. Its meaning had also changed from {N/ae micamyeon} to {Vs/eul/leul micheo}. As -ljyagimyeon’ was replaced by ‘-myeon[assumption], there occurred the replacement of its conjunctive ending.
For the conjunctive ending ‘-nadeun’, as time went by, its components were merged. This conjunctive ending was replaced by ‘-myeon, which had been used with a stronger meaning [condition] and finally it became extinct. For ‘-nadeun,’ which was not replaced by ‘-myeon’, it was merged into ‘-geodeun’, the transformational form.
In chapter 4, the morphologic change for conjunctive ending was discussed. Conjunctive endings ‘-eoja/aja’ were turned into ‘-eoya/aya’, and conjunctive endings ‘-geoja/eoja’ into ‘eoya’, -eoseo’, ‘-geoya, and -geya.’ ‘-eosyeo/asyeo’ showed the same usage with ‘-eo’, and ‘-(o/u)daj>-doe’ showed the change from ‘Vs/doe’ to ‘Vs/m/i’ in diachronic construction. For the change in diachronic construction, once changed from diachronic construction to conjunctive endings. The other is from conjunctive ending to diachronic construction. For the change from conjunctive ending to diachronic ending, it could be seen as singular directivity, one of the grammaticalization theory and it had appeared Nogeoldae and Baktongsa, where the diachronic construction, especially ‘-ha-’ was condensed into a unified conjunctive ending. The change from a conjunctive ending to a diachronic construction could be explained by counter-directivity, one of the grammaticalization theories. Although the explanation of the sentence could be possible by the conjunctive ending, the application of counter-directivity could be interpreted, intended to clarify the meaning of the system with diachronic construction.
Chapter 5 discussed the replacement, by conjunctive endings, of the same semantic category. The replacement by conjunctive endings of the same semantic category means, that a certain ending had been greatly reduced in its frequency and extent. It was replaced by another ending which was exercised more frequently and strongly.
(1). to conjunctive ending ‘-euni :
1. from [condition] ‘-geoneul, -geodeun, myeon’ to ‘-euni’
2. from [continuing explanation] ‘daga, -ndaj, -(o/u)daj, -lsaj, -a’ to ‘-euni’
3. from [extension and adding] ‘-go’ to ‘-euni’
(2) to conjunctive ending ‘-a’ :
1. from [continuing explanation] ‘-ra, -daga, -eoja, -(o/u)daj’, to ‘-a’
2. from [circumstance] ‘-asyeo, -euni, -go, -myeo’ to ‘-a’
3. from [condition] ‘-geodeun, -meyon’ to ‘-a’
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