Both「だけ(dake)」are「ばかり(bakari)」attributive auxiliary words. However, not only the role of these auxiliary words is attributive, but also these words with the same meaning "attributive" have different meanings in different contexts. Th...
Both「だけ(dake)」are「ばかり(bakari)」attributive auxiliary words. However, not only the role of these auxiliary words is attributive, but also these words with the same meaning "attributive" have different meanings in different contexts. Those who study Japanese as a second language find it quite difficult in figuring out the different meanings of such similar expressions. Therefore, this study attempts to figure out the essential meaning of auxiliary words 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」and compare the differences between the two to help people studying Japanese in using Japanese expressions correctly and accurately. For this purpose, primarily, prior studies on the category of grammar regarding attributive Auxiliary words with special functions (取り立て詞, Toritatesi) under which 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」fall were reviewed. And how 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」are connected to other words in a sentence focussed on the category of grammar "participle" by 森田(Morita, 1988) were reviewed and a comparative review was made against the corresponding Korean words from a cross-linguistic perspective. The following supports the conclusion of the study.
1. Regarding the relation between a case marking auxiliary word and 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」, 「だけ(dake)」may be used before and after a case marking auxiliary word in a sentence, yet it appears that they have slightly different meanings depending on whee they are put in a sentence, such as 「Noun / Case marking auxiliary word / Auxiliary word with special functions (取り立て詞, Toritatesi)」 and 「Noun / Auxiliary word with special functions (取り立て詞, Toritatesi) / Case marking auxiliary word」. Meantime, regarding「ばかり(bakari)」, in the case of「Noun / Case marking auxiliary word / Auxiliary word with special functions (取り立て詞, Toritatesi)」, case marking auxiliary words「が(ga)」,「より(yori)」and「まで(madae)」are not used together in a sentence, while in the case of 「Noun / Auxiliary word with special functions (取り立て詞, Toritatesi) / Case marking auxiliary word」, 「が(ga)」,「より(yori)」and「まで(madae)」 can be used before and after any case marking auxiliary word.
2. When used as part of nominative case, 「だけ(dake)」can be used together in a sentence with any predicate verb or predicate adjective, yet 「ばかり(bakari)」is not used together with predicate adjective.
3. 「ばかり(bakari)」can be placed between the て(te) form in a predicate and auxiliary declinable word「いる」, yet use of 「だけ(dake)」in such manner will result in an awkward expression.
4.「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」both have meaning "the state, condition or degree of something", yet ,「ばかり(bakari)」 has meaning “the extreme condition or degree of something”, thus it is usually used for expressions in parables.
5. Cases where permutations of 「だけ(dake)」와「ばかり(bakari)」giving meaning "definite" include cases where they have meaning "the distinction between two different things" and have a negative meaning such as 「ばかりでなく(bakari-denaku)」and 「ばかりではない(bakari-dewanai)」.
6. Cases where「だけ(dake)」alone can be used in a sentence include idiomatic expressions 「だけに(dake-ni)」and「だけあって(dake-atte)」which has meaning "quantity and volume“ determined by a person's status, situation and ability, whereas when 「ばかり(bakari)」alone is used in a sentence, it has meaning "the frequent repetition of something definite.
7. Even when「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」can be used interchangeably, there are delicate differences in meaning between these two words, which are due to the difference in "a point of view“. In other words, whereas「だけ(dake)」takes a general point of view , 「ばかり(bakari)」has a particular point of view. In addition, expressions involving「ばかり(bakari)」imply the meanings "multiple and repetitive". The「Noun /ばかり(bakari)」form in a sentence exhibits the feeling of "negative" or "blame" .
In the following, the results of a comparative review are summarized for 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」against their corresponding Korean words 「만(man)」and「뿐(pun)」(only or just).
1. Instances where「だけ(dake)」in the Japanese language corresponds to 「만(man)」in a sentence include each of the following cases: (1) 「だけ(dake)」has the meaning of "prohibition, order, request and wish only, (2) 「だけ(dake) / Auxiliary word」is used, (3)「だけ(dake)」has meaning "at least". Instances where「だけ(dake)」in the Japanese language corresponds to「뿐(pun)」in a sentence included cases where「だけだ(dake-da)」is used in a sentence giving such meanings as strong opinion, extreme situation, uniformity and sufficiency.
2. In a Japanese sentence where 「ばかり(bakari)」 corresponds to its corresponding Korean words「만(man)」and「뿐(pun)」, it has a strong negative meaning. The「∼てばかり(te-bakari)」form corresponds to 「∼기(고)만 한다(gi(go)man handa)」in the Korean language. Also, 「ばかり(bakari)」can corresponds to「뿐(pun)」in the Korean language only to express the feeling of blame, with the 「ばかりだ(bakari-da)」form.
3. Review made through the examples above indicates that「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」 usually correspond to 「만(man)」and「뿐(pun)」only in the 「だけだ(dake-da)」form used in a sentence.
Above review provided the opportunity to ponder upon such important grammatical structure as 「取り立て詞(Toritatesi; Auxiliary word with special functions)」 by figuring out the similarities and differences between 「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」, as well as a comparative review with their corresponding Korean words「만(man)」and「뿐(pun)」, suggesting that the meanings of 「だけ(dake)」「ばかり(bakari)」vary depending on different contexts. The limitations of this study would be that not a variety of studies were reviewed for the analysis of examples required in this study and that no clear answers for the「だけ(dake)」and「ばかり(bakari)」question were provided for people studying Japanese, which obviously would be a research task for me in future.
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