北宋時代의 外交와 商人·僧侶 : 宋-高麗 關係를 中心으로 본 논문은 北宋時代 宋의 외교에서 상인과 승려들이 어떤 기능과 역할을 했는지 송과 고려의 관계를 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였... 北宋時代의 外交와 商人·僧侶 : 宋-高麗 關係를 中心으로 본 논문은 北宋時代 宋의 외교에서 상인과 승려들이 어떤 기능과 역할을 했는지 송과 고려의 관계를 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 북송시대의 인적교류에서는 특히 상인과 승려들의 활동이 두드러졌다. 상인과 승려들은 경제적이나 종교적인 차원의 활동 뿐 만 아니라 외교적 역할도 겸하고 있었다. 송은 상인과 승려들에게 외교적 역할을 부여하여 주변국과의 외교 가운데 이용하고 있었다. 먼저 宋이 상인과 승려들을 통해 주변국과 어떻게 외교를 진행하고 있었는지 검토했다. 상인들은 외국의 사절을 송으로 招致하거나 嚮導했고 외국의 정보를 수집하거나 외교 문서들을 전달하기도 했다. 당시 상인들은 외국을 왕래하면서 외국의 客館과 국가적인 宗敎儀禮, 在外宋人 등을 통해 외국의 군주나 유력층과 밀접하게 접촉하고 있었다. 또한 상인들은 송과 외국을 빈번하게 왕래하면서 외국의 언어와 정보 등에 능통했고, 항해와 관련한 지식을 갖춘 전문인이었다. 이러한 인적관계와 전문지식을 바탕으로 상인들은 송과 주변국 사이의 관계에서 외교적 역할을 수행하였다. 승려들 또한 송의 외교에서 중요한 역할을 차지하고 있었다. 외국에서 入宋하는 승려들 가운데서는 사절이나 그에 준하는 역할을 수행하는 승려들이 많았다. 이것은 송이 추진했던 외국승 후대나 譯經事業, 佛經編纂과 깊은 연관을 가지고 있었다. 송은 入朝하는 외국승에게 賜號하거나 紫方袍를 下賜했다. 賜號와 紫方袍 하사는 高僧임을 인정하는 송의 불교정책 가운데 하나였다. 또 宋初에 추진했던 역경사업과 불경편찬은 많은 승려들과 불경을 흡인하는데 중요한 역할을 했다. 다양한 승려들이 역경사업과 불경편찬에 참가했고, 이들은 송의 厚待를 받으며 송의 문화적 위상을 알리는데 기여했다. 송의 불경편찬사업은 『開寶藏』·『宋朝大藏經』의 성과로 나타났다. 송은 이러한 불경들을 외국승이나 入朝한 사절들에게 하사하여 황제의 위엄을 드러내는데 이용하였다. 두 번째로 송과 밀접한 관계였던 고려와의 외교관계와 상인·승려들의 활동 정황들을 분석했다. 송과 고려의 관계는 국교의 수립과 단절, 회복을 겪었고 이에 따라 외교활동 또한 다양한 측면에서 전개되었다. 특히 상인들은 송과 고려의 관계가 단절되었던 가운데서도 양국을 왕래하며 빈번한 활동양상을 나타냈다. 북송시기 송과 고려의 상인교류는 사료에 확인되는 것만 약 95회이다. 상인들은 평균 1.2년에 1번 이상 양국을 왕래하고 있었던 것이다. 송과 고려의 승려교류는 약 10명 내외로 확인되는 사례가 적다. 그러나 상인들의 활동과 같은 양국 인적교류의 추이 등을 감안하면 더 많았을 것으로 판단된다. 세 번째로 송과 고려의 외교에서 상인과 승려들이 어떠한 기능과 역할을 했는지 살펴보았다. 상인들은 송과 고려의 외교 가운데서 송의 의사를 타진하고, 고려로의 사절 파견에 조력했으며 양국의 외교문서를 전달하는 등의 역할을 담당했다. 또 송으로부터 官爵을 받아 고려에 사절로 파견되기도 하였다. 상인들은 고려에서 客館이나 八關會 참여, 고려에 귀화한 宋人 등을 통해 고려의 국왕이나 유력자들과 관계를 맺었다. 송과 고려의 승려교류 사례에서는 송의 외국승 후대나 대장경 교류가 잘 나타나고 있다. 入宋한 고려승들은 賜號나 紫方袍를 하사받거나 대장경을 가지고 고려로 돌아오기도 했다. 북송시대 상인과 승려들은 송과 주변국을 왕래하며 외교적인 활동을 하고 있었고, 이러한 특징은 송과 고려의 관계에서도 잘 나타나고 있다. 송과 고려는 국교의 수립과 단절이라는 변화 가운데서도 다양한 방식을 통해 양국의 외교와 교류를 지속해왔고, 여기에는 상인과 승려들이 중요한 역할을 하고 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.
The Role of Merchants and Buddhist Monks in the Diplomacy of the Northern Song Dynasty : with a focus on the diplomatic relations between the Song and the Goryeo dynasties This study examined the role of merchants and Buddhist monks in the diplomacy... The Role of Merchants and Buddhist Monks in the Diplomacy of the Northern Song Dynasty : with a focus on the diplomatic relations between the Song and the Goryeo dynasties This study examined the role of merchants and Buddhist monks in the diplomacy of the Northern Song dynasty by exploring the diplomatic relationship between the Northern Song dynasty of China and the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The role of merchants and Buddhist monks were prominent in the people-to-people exchange during the Northern Song dynasty. The merchants and the Buddhist monks during this time were not only engaged in economic and religious activities but also performed diplomatic functions. The government of the Northern Song dynasty assigned diplomatic roles to her merchants and monks and used them in its diplomacy with her neighboring countries. First, the research examined how the Song government conducted its diplomacy with neighboring countries using merchants and monks. Merchants often invited foreign emissaries to their home to collect information about their countries or deliver diplomatic messages to them. At the time, the Song merchants maintained a close relationship with the kings or the influential families of foreign countries as they frequently traveled in their land by visiting government offices, participating in major religious rites and meeting expatriate Song subjects in the countries they are traveling. The Song merchants, because of their frequent foreign travels, possessed a high proficiency in foreign languages and also had access to great information about foreign countries. They were also an expert in navigation in the sea. Based on such extensive human network and expert knowledge, the merchants performed a diplomatic function for their country. On the other hand, the Buddhist monks of Song also played a crucial role in Song’s diplomacy. Among the many Buddhist monks coming to Song to study Buddhism, many were also diplomatic emissaries or equivalent. This is closely related to the Song government’s policy to provide hospitality to foreign monks or helping them with translating and collecting Buddhist scriptures. The Song’s court sometimes invited foreign monks to the court and bestowed them with titles or gave them presents. It was one of Song’s Buddhist policy to recognize these monks as a high priest. Also, the Song government initiated projects to translate or publish Buddhist scriptures, which played an important role in gaining the friendship of the foreign monks. Many foreign monks with different backgrounds participated in these projects while enjoying the favor of the Song’s court. As a result, they contributed to enhancing the cultural status of the Song dynasty in their respective countries. Such efforts resulted in the publication of the Gaebojang (開寶藏) and the Songjo-Daejanggyeong (宋朝大藏經). The Song’s court gave these Buddhist scriptures as gift only to the foreign monks or the foreign emissaries entering the court in the display of imperial authority and generosity. Secondly, the research analyzed Song’s diplomatic relationship with Goryeo, which maintained a close relationship with Song throughout most of its history, and the circumstances and the activities of the Song merchants and the monks. The diplomatic relationship between Song and Goryeo went through a full cycle of establishing, severing and restoring a diplomatic relationship. Accordingly, the nature of their diplomatic activities took various forms and evolved over time. The merchants from both countries frequently traveled between Song and Goryeo and engaged in cross-border business activities even during the period when the diplomatic relationship between the two countries were temporarily severed. The merchant exchanges between Song and Goryeon during the Northern Song dynasty period involved more than 5,000 people over 95 exchanges, counting only the documented records. The merchants were traveling at least once in 1.2 years on average. On the other hand, the exchange of monks between Song and Goryeo involved only 10, an insignificant especially compared to merchant exchanges. However, considering the heavy exchanges between the two countries as evidenced by busy merchant activities, it is perhaps safe to speculate that there were more. Third, the research surveyed what roles and functions the merchants and the monks played in Song-Goryeo diplomacy. For example, Goryeo merchants observed and analyzed the Song government’s diplomatic behaviors and intentions; assisted Goryeo government’s emissaries in Song’s court; and delivered diplomatic documents. Some Goryeo monks were given a government position and were even sent to Goryeo as Song’s emissary. Similarly, some Song merchants visited government offices in Goryeo and participated in the Palgwanhoe, Goryeo’s most important Buddhist event, where they formed a relationship with the king or the influential families of Goryeo’s court. In the examples of the exchanges of monks between Song and Goryeo, it is clear that Song treated foreign monks well and promoted the exchange of Buddhist scriptures. The Goryeo monks entering the Song’s court were bestowed titles or gifts and took Buddhist scriptures with them as the court’s gift on their return home in Goryeo. The merchants and the monks of Song dynasty during the Northern Song dynasty period frequently traveled to neighboring countries and engaged in diplomatic activities. This is well evidenced by the Song-Goryeo diplomatic relationship. Song and Goryeo, even during the period of the temporary disruption in their diplomatic relationship, maintained informal diplomacy and exchanges via various forms, in which the merchants and the monks of the two countries played a crucial role in facilitating. ，韩语论文，韩语论文题目 |
