This study investigates the formation and the change of final endings, which took place between Modern Korean and Contemporary Korean. The final endings in Contemporary Korean are not only different in their form and function, but also different in th... This study investigates the formation and the change of final endings, which took place between Modern Korean and Contemporary Korean. The final endings in Contemporary Korean are not only different in their form and function, but also different in their forming process and in the language system. The general changes of these final endings started in the late 19th century, and had still been in the process of changing until early 20th century. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the process of how the system of final endings in Contemporary Korean has been accomplished, by investigating the final endings, which were formed from the late 19th century to early 20th century. In order to do that, the functional shift to final endings is discussed according to how the final endings have been formed. There are many literature materials from this era that can be referred to, such as old novels, letters in Korean, grammar and conversation books, newss, magazines, new-style novels, modern and contemporary novels, dramas, audio materials (such as plays recorded with gramophones), etc. Among these, conversation books, novels, dramas, and audio materials are the most suitable materials for the purpose of this , since the spoken language is especially important to examine the various final endings. Based on these materials, the aspects of final endings in their form, function, and usage are examined. Chapter 2, 3 and 4 address the formation of final endings. The final endings that were formed in the 19th century can generally be divided into three main categories. The first category is the final endings that were derived from a combination of the pre-existing final ending and other forms. It includes the final endings that are combined with prefinal endings. This type of formation of endings is caused by changes to prefinal endings. The prefinal endings, which had their function weakened or restricted during the process of changing, either lose their status as prefinal ending and their form disappears, or turn into final endings by combining with the existing final ending. The combination aspect of final endings with prefinal endings is examined within the following categories: '-seup(습)-', '-neu(느)-, -deo(더)-, -ri(리)-', and '-geo(거)/eo(어)-, -ni(니)-, -do(도)-'. First, '-seop(습)-', which presents the speaker modesty level of speech, combines with the following prefinal endings and becomes the form of '-seupni(습니)-/-seupdi(습디)-', and also changes in its function to hearer-honorific. This, then, combines with the final endings '-da(다)/kka(까)'. Secondly, in the case of '-neu(느)-', '-deo(더)-', '-ri(리)-', their functions went through change due to the formation of '-eot(엇)-', '-neu(느)-'. These show the most complicated aspects, having their function appear differently according to the combination aspect with the final ending. '-deo(더)-' and '-ri(리)-' start to have a restriction when they combine with final endings, as well as a functional shift. The last category, '-geo(거)/eo(어)-', '-ni(니)-', '-do(도)-', are not recognized as prefinal endings in Contemporary Korean, so the forms of combination with final ending were also dealt with as one final ending instead of analyzing them further down. '-eo(어)-', which is allomorph of '-geo(거)-', combines with the imperative ending '-ra(라)' in 'hara(하라)' style and forms '-eora(어라)', which replaces '-ra(라)' and makes 'haera(해라)' style. The second category is final endings were derived from connective endings, which were originally nonfinal endings. There are a few conditions that are necessary for connective endings to become final endings. That is, 1) it has to be possible to invert or omit in sentence or sentence connecting construction, 2) both antecedent clause and following clause need to be independent, 3) antecedent and following clause should have the meaning of cause, listing, contrast, etc. Final ending and final ending usage are differentiated in this study. Final ending is the ending that is only used in the sentence final position with its own separated function and contains changed meaning from its connective ending form. The final ending usage, however, is the ending that is located in the position of final ending and delivers the function of the sentence ending, but the meaning hasn't changed from the connective ending and, therefore, can still be used as a connective ending. Connective ending construction is divided into coordinated·subordinated connective ending and adverbial connective ending. The coordinated·subordinated connective ending becomes a final ending by the inversion or omission of the following clause, but the adverbial connective ending goes through a different process. The adverbial connective ending becomes a final ending by omitting 'ha(하)-' in the causative construction '-ge ha(게 하)-'. In addition, the coordinated·subordinated connective ending forms 'hae(해)' style as a modal ending, and is mostly realized as a declarative and interrogated ending. Unlike this, the adverbial connective ending forms the imperative ending '-ge(게)' and replaces the imperative ending '-so(소)' in 'haso(하소)' style. The third category consists of syntactical constructions that became final endings. This includes the quotation construction, the bound noun construction, the 'ha(하)-' combination construction, and the 'mal(말)-' combination construction. As we differentiated final endings from final ending usage of connective ending constructions, depending on the rate of becoming final endings, the syntactical structure is also divided into two different constructions, by the rate of grammaticalization; one can be restored, and the other cannot be restored. The restorable constructions cannot be considered as one single final ending, whereas the constructions that cannot be restored are a fused form and make one single final ending. When the ending in the matrix sentence is a connective ending, these endings form to 'hae(해)' style, but when it is a final ending, the speech style is decided depending on the ending. The form that shifted to final endings from a bound noun construction is a construction that has appeared since Old Korean. In Middle and Modern Korean, this used to be the construction of the bound noun 'da()', 'sa()', whereas in the period of time this study focuses on, it is the forms that is shortened from '-l geot(ㄹ 것)’. This construction is also realized as 'haera(해라)' style as well as 'hae(해)' style. The combined construction with 'ha(하)-‘ derives by dropping 'ha(하)-' from constructions of '-eoya haji(어야 하지)’, '-eoya hagetda(어야 하겠다)', and '-ryeo ha(려 하)-'. '-eoyaji(어야지)' is realized as a fused form, and '-eoyagetda(어야겠다)' is weaker in the degree of its fusion than '-eoyaji(어야지)'. '-ryeo ha(려 하)-' is divided into the construction that can be restored and the one that cannot be restored. In chapter 5, the change of meaning·function of final endings are investigated. In the 19th century, the final ending was formed in three different processes, whereas in the 20th century, one form is divided into two systems with some of the final endings going through changes in meaning·function and forming modal endings. The modal endings are realized mostly as declarative and interrogative endings, but some are exclamatory and imperative endings. When the declarative ending with modal meaning expresses 'exclamation', it is accompanied with intonation. When it only expresses 'exclamation', however, there is a restriction on its usage in the case of spoken language. On top of these, meaning·function can be shifted with a change of syllable or phoneme, and meaning·function can be added when combining with auxiliary or copula. This study shows that the reason why 'hae(해)' style endings were able to be largely formed in this period of time is that the final endings that belong to 'hae(해)' style carry modal meaning and this was the result of speaker's attitude significantly coming into play. This also affects the usage of final endings, and this change was related to the social aspect of the country as the caste system began to fall apart. These aspects are reflected in final endings after 1930s as well. ，韩语论文题目，韩语论文题目 |
