A Study on Address Terms and Reference Terms of Korea and Japan - A Comparative Study on Novels of Korea and Japan and Their Translations - Jin, Kyung Ae Department of Japanese Language and Literature Graduate School, Myongji University Directed by Professor Lee, Mi Suk 「address terms」, which is used when calling or addressing someone and 「reference terms」, which is employed when pointing to something, are in very important charges of functions for communications in human relationships and reflect the images of its own society, including the cultural backgrounds and the flows of the eras. 「address terms」, 「reference terms」, are differently expressed depending on such the many states as the speaker's emotion, the psychological conditions, the relationships between the speaker and listener, the degree of intimacy, ages, vocations, the related places and situations, and so on. Focusing on this immediate fact with the help of collating the original novels of Korea and Japan with the translated versions, this present study is going to compare and analyze the sameness and differences, to fathom out the discrepancies of two nations. Resultingly, this research is intended to give an assistance or aids for the efficacious mutual communications. To begin with, the individual words(kind) and the whole words(frequency) of 「address terms」 and 「reference terms」are classified, which are put to use both in the original novels of Korea and Japan and in the translated versions. As a result of this classification, in the original versions of Korea 「address terms」appears in the 282 cases(all sorts of 73) and 「reference terms」does in the 4,561 (all sorts of 246), while in the translated versions into the Japanese, 「address terms」occurs in the 262 cases(all sorts of 75) and 「reference terms」does in the 4,030 (all sorts 256). In the course of the translations, 「address terms」has decreased by 20 times, and 「reference terms」has by 531 times. On the other hand, on the occasion of the original versions of Japan, 「address terms」comes out in the 162 cases(all sorts of 56) and 「reference terms」does in the 2,973(all sorts of 212), while in the translated versions into the Korean, 「address terms」presents itself in the 152 cases(all sorts of 51) and 「reference terms」does in the 3,178 cases(all sorts 184). In the process of the translations, 「address terms」has gone down by 28 times, but 「reference terms」has gone upward by 205 times. These upshots results strongly from the emission of the「address terms」and the「reference terms」which are used as subjects. In particular, this phenomenon emerges in the Japanese-translated visions with high frequency. In both of two countries, the number of 「reference terms」is much more, compared with that of 「address terms」. To spell it out concretely, in the Korean original versions, there are about 16 times (「address terms」: 282 cases, 「reference terms」: 4561 cases). However, in the Japanese original versions, there are about 18 times(「address terms」: 162 cases, 「reference terms」: 2973 cases). For 「address terms」, it is likely to be omitted when the speakers are confronted with the listeners. while 「reference terms」is unlikely to fall into ellipsis because of the needs to point to the counterparts. In the meantime, there can be some other reasons for the above fact this. 「address terms」has a lot of direct and generalized expressions which have been chosen for the outer factors(age, jobs, situations) of speakers and listeners alike mean, while 「reference terms」is various on the reason of the fact that it reflects the inner factors depending on the emotions and psychological states along with the outer factors Second, according to the usage-aspects, 「address terms」and「reference terms」are divided into six items and are explicated: <the pattern of personal pronoun(the first person, the second person, and the third person)>, <the pattern of name(full name · surname · name · endearment · nickname)>, <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity(name of relatives · affiliation · teknonymy)>, <the pattern of job-name (name of the job, name of the position>, <the pattern of alias>, <the pattern of the elusive expressions>. In the original versions of the Korean, among the six patterns, <the pattern of name(37.6%)>, <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity(22.0%)>, <the pattern of the elusive expressions(13.5%)>, <the pattern of job-name(9.9%)>, <the pattern of personal pronoun(9.6%)>, and <the pattern of alias(7.4%)> are employed as 「address terms」, and then, <the pattern of name(49.9%)>, <the pattern of personal pronoun(25.5%)>, <the pattern of alias(10.1%)>, <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity(9.4%)>, <the pattern of job-name(5.1%)>, and <the pattern of the elusive expressions(0.1%)> in sequence are utilized as 「reference terms」. In the translated versions into the Japanese, the frequency of the use as 「address terms」, for the pattern of personal pronoun, the style of name, and the pattern of the elusive expressions grow to be increased, furthermore, the other patterns and 「reference terms」are found to be decreased. In the original novels of the Japanese, among the six patterns, <the pattern of name(46.3%)>, <the pattern of the elusive expressions(24.7%)>, <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity(21.0%)>, <the pattern of job-name(5.6%), <the pattern of personal pronoun(2.5%)>, and <the pattern of alias(0.0%)> are presented as 「address terms」. In the meanwhile, <the pattern of name(38.7%)>, <the pattern of personal pronoun(23.2%), <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity(20;.0%)>, <the pattern of alias(10.0%)>, <the pattern of job-name(7.5%)>, and <the pattern of the elusive expressions(0.6%)> is orderly made use of as 「reference terms」. In the translated versions into the Korean, both <the pattern of personal pronoun> and <the pattern of alias> as 「address terms」are augmented. Likewise, <the pattern of personal pronoun>, <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity>, <the pattern of job-name> and <the pattern of alias> as 「reference terms」are increasingly used. However, the other patterns lessens. That is, we can understand that the rendered versions into the Japanese exude the linguistic peculiarities of the Japanese, while the rendered versions into the Korean reflect the interruption of the originals. Lastly, the traits and the parallels which show up in the analysis are as follows. 1) 'The first person' among <the pattern of personal pronoun>, which is put to use to delineate oneself, is characteristic of being discerned in terms of the sexes of the speakers. Both nations point to himself or herself as <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity> in the counterparts' position in range of the displacement of 'point of view'. 'The second person', which is put into practice when 「address terms」and「reference terms」the opponents, is barely applied because it suggestively betrays inhospitality. That is why there is a tendency in the two nations that 'name, addressing in the position, alias, and the elusive expression' are implemented instead of 'the second person'. Finally, being relative to 'the third person' which represents 「reference terms」, Japan has the feature that it is exploited for children as well. 2) 'Full name' in <the pattern of name> is for the one's juniors or the equivalents with the speakers , but then, in case of Japan, ‘name·surname' replaces 'full name'. 'Name’ occurs with the highest frequency in Korea and Japan. Specifically, in Korea, the distinctive is that when used as 「address terms」the case makers of the ‘-ah·-yai' falls right behind name. 'Endearment' much turns up in Japan. as the abbreviated 'name' or the form which 'chang’ is added to. For reference, ‘chang’ as 'endearment' tend to be rendered into <the addressing of consanguinity(ex, Unyi). On the other part of the spectrum of <the pattern of name>, in respect to 'nickname', it is for ignoring the opponents in Korea, which is representative of the outstanding aspects of the listeners in Japan. 3) 'Name of relatives' in <the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity> primarily means 「address terms」and「reference terms」which are used in the relationships of kin. In Japan, the many different forms exist and, 「address terms」and「reference terms」are characteristically differentiated. 'Affiliation' is to apply 'the name of relatives' to the person who is not relatives, which mainly takes place in Korea. In the rendered versions into the Japanese, 'name' is likely to take the place of 'Affiliation'. 'Teknonymy' is known as the feature of the Korean language, however, it does not appear in this present research, being different from the precedent studies. 4) 'Name of the job' in <the pattern of job-name> is possible to avail itself of in singleness. Still, there lies the tendency that the 'name of relatives' is added to the end of the 'Name of the job' in case of Korea(ex, Bus-driver Ahjussyi). The 'name of the position' is to be culled depending on the such situations as one's company, schools, and places. It is exclusively and characteristically revealing the vertical relationship, namely the hierarchy. 5) <The pattern of alias> is usually employed as 「reference terms」, and used as 'yaesug, nom, jahsig, etc' and ‘koitsu, yatsu, yaroo’ with non-referentiality. 6) <The pattern of the elusive expressions>, which has more「address terms」than「reference terms」, is more practiced in Japan. There is a similarity that instead of the direct expressions, 'interjection' is exploited as「address terms」, and the representation of 'direction' is as 「reference terms」.in both nations Like all of the above, the differences have gotten to be fathomed out through comparing and analyzing the parallels and dissimilarities which emerge on the aspects and the features of 「address terms」and「reference terms」. Language and culture are never thought to be separate. It is kind of a desire that this research would grow to be helpful for the effective communication on the base of the understanding of both language and culture regarding「address terms」and「reference terms」through this study. Most of all, there is no consideration about 「address terms」and「reference terms」concerning the previously-presented social and cultural traits of the two nations on the text for the students of the Korean and the Japanese on the spot of education. Thus, it is natural for students to get confused because of the disparities of expressions between the text-study and the real life. It is wished that this present research would be even at least aids for the real scene of education and the learning of the foreign language, including the comprehension of both nations. This present research has the meaningfulness in that 「reference terms」along with 「address terms」is dealt with, being different from the previous researches and the original novels of Korea and Japan is studied. However, the subjects of the research are not so many and the way of the classification is insufficient, which is proposed to remain as one of the tasks for next studies. Key words : address terms, reference terms, original novel, translated versions, the pattern of personal pronoun, the pattern of name, the pattern of the addressing of consanguinity, the pattern of job-name, the pattern of alias, the pattern of the elusive expressions ，韩语论文网站，韩语论文 |
