It is a common knowledge that Korea, Japan, and Vietnam are Chinese-culture based countries. They, geographically surrounding China, have adopted Chinese to write their own languages and also modified it as the phonological system of their own languag...
It is a common knowledge that Korea, Japan, and Vietnam are Chinese-culture based countries. They, geographically surrounding China, have adopted Chinese to write their own languages and also modified it as the phonological system of their own languages over many years. Language undergoes changes. There are several factors to that changes. Even Chinese has changed as time flows from ancient times to modern periods, and dialects of each region has also been changed according to linguistic characteristics.
Korea and Vietnam are connected to China by land and Japan has done the interchange in the sea. The interchange by land has more effects from China than doing in the sea and so language mixing may occur at the border consistently.
Sino-Japanese Go'on and Kan’on represent different consonant types. It is common to see that Period of North and South Dynasties(南北朝, 5th century before and after) is the matrix of Sino-Japanese Go'on and Period of Tang Dynasty(唐, since the 8th century) is the matrix of Sino-Japanese Kan’on. Thus, Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese are difficult to categorize in a complexed structure like Sino-Japanese that has a complexed structure as the inflow timing and region vary because they have all the figures from every generation. But it is possible to induce the matrix by analyzing phonology dictionaries such as “Guangyun”(廣韻) and “Yunjing”(韻鏡) and compare with Sino-Japanese Go'on and Kan’on.
The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of sound shift while accepting Chinese as a foreign language in Korea, Japan and Vietnam and to clarify the main layers of the structure in Sino-Korean, Sino-Japanese, Sino-Vietnamese. Also to point out their problems based on the comparison study of those languages with solutions.
Conclusions are as followed.
The reason why there is no distinction between Grade Ⅰ and Grade Ⅱ is that Korean does not have any differences between front and back in mid-vowel. They accepted low-back vowel “ɑ” as /ㅏ･a/ and mid-back vowel “ʌ” as /ᄋᆞ･ɐ/ in Grade Ⅰ. In Grade Ⅱ, they accommodated low-front vowel “a” as /아･a/ and mid-front vowel “ɐ” as /ᄋᆞ･ɐ/. In other words, Sino-Korean excluded the difference in front and back and only low and mid are entertained as in /아:a,ɑ/ and /ᄋᆞ:ɐ,ʌ/. Meaning that /ᄋᆞɐ/ has been existed as a phoneme in Korean and, Qinyin(秦音) is the matrix of consonant that accepted mid-back vowel “ʌ” and mid-front vowel “ɐ” as /아･a/. In Grade Ⅲ of Sino-Korean, the distinction between the type α and β final in every Group is definte and it is considered as the consonants of the same generation at least with Sino-Japanese Go'on because the distinction between the type α and β final settled down at the Tang(唐) age
As shown in Sino-Korean, closed Rhyme of Grade Ⅳ was not derived in Tang age and is corresponded that closed Rhyme of Grade Ⅳ was already a yod character at the Northern and Southern Dynasty(南北朝) as stated in Sakai-Kenichi(1975:369-370). It is considered as a result of getting the yod character only because closed mouth character and the yod character are hard to be used in one syllable.
In Sino-Japanese Kan’on, main vowels of Grade Ⅰand Ⅱ are applied with "a" because Sino-Japanese Kan’on is based in Qinyin(秦音) which is joined with Grade Ⅰand Ⅱ together. However, in Sino-Japanese Go'on, low-front vowel "a" and mid-front vowel "ɐ" are substituted by "e" and mid-back vowel "ʌ" used as "o".
What closed mouth character is certainly reflected is limited to molar and throat sounds which have the far articulation point from the mouth because throat sound/h/ was not existed when adopting Chinese to Japanese. closed mouth character does not show in lip sounds/ɸ・b・m/, tooth sounds/s・z/ and tongue sound /t・d・n・l/.
There has been a certain differentiation in the type α and β final like Sino-Korean because the early middle Chinese(the Northern and Southern Dynasty) is the matrix of Sino-Japanese Go'on in Grade Ⅲ.
Sino-Japanese Kan’on is the form of the type α final(medial-i) front-vowelized from the type β final(medial-ï). Therefore mergence of the type α and β final has already been done in Qinyin(秦音) which is the matrix of Sino-Japanese Kan’on.
Sino-Vietnamese is considered to have less abbreviation and omission compared to Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese. It is general theory that Sino-Vietnamese is based on Chinese after Song Dynasty(宋, 10 to 12th century) but it is obvious that Middle Chinese, Qieyun(切韵)~Qinyin(秦音), is the main layers by knowing that there are evidences of adopting distinguished mid and low-vowels, the fact that applied before consonant transition such as weakening or failure of a nasal voice of the clear-muddy sounds, one of the sound shifts in Tang Dynasty(唐, since the 8th century), occurred, distinction of palatalized ending in Group Geng(梗) and seeing the aspect of acceptance in initial(consonants), final(consonants), and ending(韻尾).
Sino-Vietnamese appear in every rhyme[Closed(u)/Yod(i)/Main Vowel] in Grade Ⅲ. Meaning that phonetic reconstruction of closed Rhyme in Grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ that scholars in the past restructured, have problems. The scholars in the past including B. Karlgren(1954) have reconstituted closed rhyme in Grade Ⅲ in order of [Yod/Closed] and many young scholars are following that. But it needs to be revised as in order of [Closed(u)/Yod(i・ï)/Main Vowel].
In Sino-Japanese Kan’on, aspects of weaken closed mouth character in Grade Ⅳ through Qinyin(秦音) pointed out in Arisaka-Hideyo(1936) are appeared in the rhyme of the type α final(medial-i) in Grade Ⅲ as well. However, closed mouth character
and Yod are simultaneously applied as The Type β final(medial-ï) and The Type α final(medial-i) in Grade Ⅲ and Grade Ⅳ are appeared in the form of “-ui” in Sino-Vietnamese. This is a contradiction to Sino-Japanese Kan’on because Sino-Vietnamese adopted apparently earlier Chinese than Sino-Japanese Kan’on did. Thus, The Type β final(medial-ï) and The Type α final(medial-i) in Grade Ⅲ and Grade Ⅳ are retained in the dialects of moments that are to be the matrix of Sino-Vietnamese
Palatalized ending appeared in Group Geng(梗) is the common feature in the all rhymes. It is not that it has arisen by Qieyun(切韵) whereas it did not exist in the the Northern and Southern Dynasty(南北朝) like the theory by the scholars in the past. the yod of ending has existed from the early stage of Middle Chinese as in Pulleyblank(1984) and Lee, Kyeong-Cheol(2009) is appropriate cause of palatalized ending.
，韩语论文题目，韩语论文范文 |
