This article has largely set up three study objectives in order to examine the grammatical competence of request behaviors in Korean, Chinese and Japanese and the universality and specificity of sociolinguistic competence.
First, the article examines...
This article has largely set up three study objectives in order to examine the grammatical competence of request behaviors in Korean, Chinese and Japanese and the universality and specificity of sociolinguistic competence.
First, the article examines whether Korean, Chinese and Japanese native speakers recognize the same request situations in a same manner and whether they engage in request behaviors with the same objectives.
Second, questionnaire surveys were utilized as the research method and multiple test such as data completion tests and role-playing interviews were conducted in order to verify the grammatical competence of request behaviors in Korea, Chinese and Japanese and the universality and specificity of sociolinguistic competence.
Third, the article examines the results of the role-playing interview to verify how the grammatical competence and sociolinguistic competence regarding request behaviors of Korean, Chinese and Japanese native speakers are accommodated, maintained and transferred in contact situations. The results of the surveys are as follows.
(1) Awareness of Request Behavior of Korean, Chinese and Japanese Native Speakers
Korean, Chinese and Japanese native speakers showed a difference in the level of burden experienced from requests even where they were subject to the same request situation and the reason for such difference were also distinct. In addition, with respect to the difference in such situations awareness levels, it was found that Korean and Chinese native speakers have a tendency to place emphasis on achieving the objectives when engaging in request behaviors, and Japanese native speakers have a tendency to place emphasis on studying the reaction of the other person and their own speech and behavior rather than achieving an objective.
(2) Universality and Specificity of Request Behaviors of Korean, Chinese and Japanese Native Speakers
<Creation of Conversational Atmosphere>
It was found that the display of creating a conversational atmosphere by Japanese native speakers were different than that created by Korean and Chinese native speakers. It is largely displayed in three distinctive features. The first is that Japanese native speakers rarely use the functional element of appellations that are frequently used by Korean and Chinese native speakers. The second is the frequent utilization of "apologies" or "other topics". The third is that greetings are made in two steps in the case of Japanese native speakers.
<Provision of Information>
The article examines the features of request behaviors of Korean, Chinese and Japanese Native Speakers by considering the usage of various information that are provided in order to achieve the objective of the request by persuading the academic adviser. As a result, it was found that Korean, Chinese and Japanese Native Speakers displayed varied forms of providing information.
Korean native speakers focused on providing information in order to request for a consent form and recommendation letter based on credibility by emphasizing how much enthusiasm he or she had for the scholarship project and the suitability of his or her own abilities for such project.
On the other hand, Japanese native speakers focused on providing information regarding the responsibilities that the speaker would take on by requesting the academic adviser for a consent form and recommendation letter.
Moreover, similar to Korean native speakers, Chinese native speakers provided information explaining his or her own will or suitability, and also tended to provide information regarding the responsibilities that the academic adviser would take on by providing a consent form and recommendation letter but not as much as Japanese native speakers. In other words, the speakers had a tendency to provide as much information as possible in connection with the request.
<Request Expression>
This article determines the features of direct request expressions in the request for consent forms and recommendation letters to the academic adviser in accordance with the analysis standards of Blum-kulka, House & Kaspre (1989). As a result, "preparatory conditional statements" and "hedged performatives" were the most utilized request expressions. It was found that Korean native speakers utilized "explicit performatives", and Chinese and Japanese native speakers utilized "want statements" the most as request expressions. According to the standards set by Blum-kulka, House & Kaspre (1989), Korean native speakers utilized the most direct request expressions. More indirect request expressions were utilized by Chinese native speakers and Japanese native speakers, in such order.
(3) Maintenance, Acceptance and Transfer Conditions of Grammatical Competence and Sociolinguistic Competence in Contact Situations
Through the analysis of request behaviors of Korean, Chinese and Japanese native speakers in contact situations, this article examines how grammatical competence and sociolinguistic competence of request behaviors of Korean, Chinese and Japanese native speakers are maintained, accepted and transferred.
As a result, the analysis showed that, in overall, Japanese request behaviors of Korean and Chinese learners in Japanese contact situations displayed tendencies that are the most similar to Japanese native speakers, and the request behaviors of Korean and Japanese learners in Chinese contact situations differed from the request behaviors shown in native tongue situations.
In addition, when examining the state of request behaviors in native tongue situations and contact situations by nationality, it was found that the request behaviors of Japanese native speakers in native tongue situations and contact situations are the most similar, and Chinese native speakers attempted to engage in request behaviors similar to the native tongue speaker of each language situation.
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