This study aims at the korean and chinese infinitive mood according to the types of sentences and aims on examining the syntactic infinitive mood and the usage of infinitive mood on special vocabularies in korean and clarifying the counterpart with ch...
This study aims at the korean and chinese infinitive mood according to the types of sentences and aims on examining the syntactic infinitive mood and the usage of infinitive mood on special vocabularies in korean and clarifying the counterpart with chinese infinitive mood.
Chinese and korean has been affecting to each other for quite long period, thus they are sharing the similar properties in numerous side. However, the differences between them are getting obvious by comparing each other precisely in the aspect of typological properties. Within that typological properties, one of the most hardest clause to compare is the differences of the negative sentence in structure and usage by the infinitive mood.
This study is starting from the several basic conceptions related deeply with the infinitive mood, then cross-checking the infinitive moods of the declarative sentence and the interrogative sentence as well as the infinitive moods of the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean and chinese.
The concept of ‘negative’ included in the concepts of the infinitive sentence and the negative sentence is the logical concept as ‘contradiction.’ It is should be examined always from the view of the relationship with the ‘positive’ concept to understand the ‘negative’ fully. The negative sentence is the concept on the syntactic layer, consequently it is not having the one to one relationship with the ‘negative.’ For setting the conditions for validation of the negative sentence in korean and chinese, it is the most objective way to verify through examining the negative polarity component and the co-occurrence.
The summarized results of comparison research on the infinitive moon of the declarative sentence and the interrogative sentence in korean and chinese is shown as below.
First of all, in general, the korean is the language managing the infinitive mood actively. It’s infinitive mood is categorized to syntactical infinitive mood by the infinitive element and the special vocabulary infinitive mood by the special infinitive vocabulary for the declarative sentence and the interrogate sentence. In contrary, the infinitive mood in chinese for the declarative sentence and the interrogate sentence is only the syntactic infinitive mood.
Second, the syntactic infinitive moods for both in korean and chinese are taking the dichotomy system. The functional division of ‘An’ infinitive mood and ‘Mot’ infinitive mood in korean is depending on the aspects, but the chinese functional divisions of ‘Bu’ infinitive mood and ‘Mal’ infinitive mood are depending on the phasis. ‘Bu’ infinitive mood and ‘Mal’ infinitive mood are having different infinitive mood appearance from ‘An’ infinitive mood and ‘Mot’ infinitive mood in korean and also having different selecting limitation because of another functional division from each of different criteria.
Third, the korean ‘An’ infinitive mood is ‘simple negative’ but ‘Mot’ infinitive mood is the negative of denying ability. The ‘intention’ problem included in ‘An’ infinitive mood and ‘Mot’ infinitive mood is not the qualification for meaning of the negative element, it is about the contextual meaning. The ‘An’ infinitive mood could be possibly coherent with most of the predicate as it has the pure negative meaning but it could not coherent with the cognitive verb which could not be negated by the simple negatives. On the other hand, ‘Mot’ infinitive mood is quitely limited for matching with most of [-intentive] predicate constitution such as ‘- in order that’, ‘-wanting to’, ‘-would like to’ and [-positive] predicate.
Forth, chinese ‘Bu ; 不’ infinitive mood is the simple negation for the status or the event, but the ‘Mal ; 沒(有)’ infinitive mood is the negation for the existence of the status and the completeness of the event. ‘Bu ; 不 ; not’ infinitive mood is not related with the phasis, thus it is not matching with the phasis verb or the achievement verb contenting the progress and the perfective. It also could not coherent with the tense postposition contenting the syntactic phasis ‘了 ; for finishing’, ‘过 ; for changing’, ‘着 ; for appearing’. ‘Mal ; 沒(有) ; fall’ infinitive mood is related with the phasis, thus it is hard to coherent with status predicate.
Fifth, when the ‘An’ infinitive mood is being used, if that is meaning for the simple negation of the status or the event, ‘Bu ; 不 ; not’ could be used. And if that is meaning for the negation of the perfective event or the existence of the status, ‘Mal ; 沒(有) ; fall’ could be used. When the ‘Mot’ infinitive is being used, if that is the negation of the ability, ‘不能 ; impossible’ could be used. And if that is the negation for the perfective, ‘沒(有)能 ; not be available’ could be used.
Sixth, the chinese infinitive mood for the korean special vocabulary infinitive mood is also the syntactic infinitive mood because there is only the syntactic infinitive mood in chinese. A sentence in ‘Not’ infinitive mood could adapt to ‘不 ; not’ infinitive mood in chinese and a sentence in ‘No’ infinitive mood could adapt to ‘沒(有) ; fall’ infinite mood. And a sentence in ‘Do not know’ infinite mood could adapt ‘不 ; not’ infinitive mood in chinese.
The result of the contrastive research on the infinitive mood of the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean and chinese could be summarized as shown below.
First, the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean is defined according to the formal criteria. Thus, the negated imperative sentence and the negated exhortative sentence are just simply formed by the ‘stop’ infinitive mood with the original sentence. However, chinese the negated imperative sentence and the negated exhortative sentence do not have any particular sentence terminative mood in contrary to korean, and it is mainly defining it by the meaning criteria as ‘order’ or ‘cohortative means’. Consequently, the sentence containing the means of ‘order’ or ‘cohortative’, both are the negated imperative sentence and the negated exhortative sentence in chinese.
So, the negated imperative sentence and the negated exhortative sentence in chinese are expressed in various infinitive moods relatively, mainly as ‘別 ; differ’ infinitive mood and ‘不 ; not’ infinitive mood.
Second, for the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean and chinese, the syntactic infinitive mood is used for both of them. The ‘stop’ infinitive mood used for the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean is constituting by adding the negative element as ‘-stop’ after the predicate. In contrast, ‘不 ; not’ infinitive mood is usually appeared in front of the predicate as the combination of the negative element ‘不’ with the auxiliary verb ‘要’ or ‘能’
Third, ‘stop’ infinitive mood used in the imperative sentence and the exhortative sentence in korean is the formal symbol for the negated imperative sentence and the negated exhortative sentence. The negated imperative sentence or the negated exhortative sentence in chinese could be formed by ‘別’ infinitive mood and ‘不’ infinitive mood, but ‘別’ infinitive mood is differ from ‘不’ infinitive mood as it is just used for the negative imperative sentence or the negative exhortative sentence. Because of that as mentioned above, it is the formal symbol showing the negative imperative sentence or the negative exhortative sentence.
Topic word : negation, the negative sentence, the negative element, mood, aspect
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