This investigated valence types, semantic valence, syntactic valence and pragmatistic valence of causative verbs in Korean and Chinese with the valence theory, and carried through the contrast research. The conclusions are as the following:
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This investigated valence types, semantic valence, syntactic valence and pragmatistic valence of causative verbs in Korean and Chinese with the valence theory, and carried through the contrast research. The conclusions are as the following:
First, the word-building method of causative verbs in Korean and Chinese is different. In Korean, a causative verb be created with attaching a causative suffix to a verb or adjective without causative sense. But in Chinese, we could not see any morphological change. A verb or adjective without morphological change can have the function of a causative verb, too.
Second, causative verbs in Korean and Chinese both are separated with 2 valence and 3 valence causative verbs. Korean 2 valence causative verbs are separated with 2 valence derivative causative verbs and 2 valence compound verbs, and 3 valence causative verbs are separated with 3 valence derivative causative verbs, 3 valence compound causative verbs and pure causative verbs. On the contrary Chinese 2 valence causative verbs are just double class causative verbs and Chinese 3 valence causative verbs are also just pure causative verbs.
Third, of the syntactic feature, the words and phrases that can appear at the position of Chinese causers are very complicated. Checking corpus, we can see that Chinese causers can be noun-phrases and predicative phrases popularly, and also can be subject-predicate phrases or clauses. Or can be empty category in some cases. On the contrary Korean causers can be noun-phrases popularly and can be empty category in some cases. The causees of Korean and Chinese can be noun-phrases generally, but Chinese causees also can be subject-predicate phrases.
Korean 2 valence causative verbs are composed of case frame 'NP1가/NP2를/VP'. And Their causers are subjects and their causees are objects generally. Chinese 2 valence causative verbs are composed of sentence pattern 'NP1/VP/NP2'. Their causers are subjects and their causees are objects generally.
Comparing the syntactic function of Korean, There are not any 3 valence derivative/compound causative verbs in Chinese 3 valence causative verbs. The causers, causees of Korean, Chinese 3 valence pure causative verbs both can be mapped to subjects and objects. On the contrary Korean causees can be mapped to not only objects but also indirect objects and subjects(Chinese causees can be mapped to only objects), and have different postpositions. The result component of pure causative verbs can be mapped to adverbial in Korean, but complement in Chinese.
Fourth, at meaning characteristic, the causers and causees of Korean derivative causative verbs with or without the meaning characteristic [/human] is not so important, but the causers and causees of all compound causative verbs approximately demand the meaning characteristic [/human]. The causers of Korean pure causative verb with or without [/human] are not so important, but the causees of Korean pure causative verb demand [/human] approximately. The causers of Chinese double class causative verbs with or without [/human] are not so important, but the causees demands [/human]. Their causees must be human or be related with human. Most of the causers of Chinese pure causative verbs demand [/human], but their causees with or without [/human] are not so important.
The causative verbs own duplex semantic structures. The causer and causee are necessary components in the causative semantic structure. The semantic roles of the causees must be analyzed in the result event semantic structures. It means that the duplex semantic structures exist in the deep structures of sentences of Korean and Chinese causative verbs.
Most of the causees of Korean 2 valence derivative causative verbs are objects in the result event semantic structures, then are experiencers. Most of the causees of Korean 2 valence compound causative verbs are agents in the result event semantic structures, then are experiencers, the tiny minority are objects. But most of the causees of Chinese 2 valence causative verbs are objects, then are experiencers, the tiny minority are agents.
Chinese 3 valence pure causative verb '使' and so on have 3 necessary components, namely causer, causee and result. They are similar with Korean pure causative verb '하다', but the causees of Chinese pure causative verbs can be 7 kinds of semantic roles in the result event semantic structures. The causees of Korean pure causative verb can be 5 kinds of semantic roles in the result event semantic structures. Furthermore, Korean has 3 valence derivative causative verbs and 3 valence compound causative verbs. The Korean 3 valence causative verbs govern not only causers and causees(also can be agents, experiencers or objects in the result event semantic structure) but also patients(or experiencers, objects).
Fifthly, only some causees of Chinese 3 valence pure causative verbs can be topicalized with strict conditions. On the contrary Korean causative verbs of all valence can be topicalized freely.
The case frame of sentences of Korean 2, 3 valence derivative/compound causative verbs can not be changed. But Chinese sentences of 2 valence causative verbs can be changed to sentence pattern 'NP1/使/NP2/VP'. In some cases can be changed to 'NP1/把/NP2/VP' and 'NP2/被/给/NP1 /VP'.
As to the possibility of empty category, causers of Korean and Chinese both can be empty category. But causees are nearly can not.
Korean causative sentences express the differences of cause, command and permission with the opposition of accusative, dative and nominative. But Chinese causative sentences express the differences of cause, command and permission with different causative verbs, namely '使', '叫', '让' and so on.
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