What is treated in this study is Byeongseo(a book on military science) accompanied by Eonhae(Korean annotation of Chinese classics) among the published or the transcribed books in the 17th and 18th centuries Joseon Dynasty. The lists can be shown as follows.
□ a category of martial arts
○ Muye-jebo (武藝諸譜 1598)
○ A sequel of Muye-jebo (武藝諸譜飜譯續集 1610)
○ Muye-dobo-tongji-eonhae (武藝圖譜通志諺解 1790)
□ a category of military drill
○ Yeonbyeong-jinam (練兵指南 1612)
○ Byeonghak-jinam (兵學指南 1649?/In the middle of 17C/1688?
/In the early of 18C/1708/1711?/1737/1739/1740?/1746?/1760
/1769/1787/1797/1798/1813)
○ Jinbeop-eonhae (陣法諺解 1693)
□ a category of military scriptures
○ Singan-samnyak-eonhae (新刊三略諺解 1711)
○ Singan-jeungbo-samnyak-jikhae (新刊增補三略直解 1805)
○ Singan-jeungbo-samnyak (新刊增補三略 1813)
□ a category of firearms
○ Singi-bigyeol (神器秘訣 1603)
○ Hwaposik-eonhae (火砲式諺解 1635/1685/In the early of 18C)
○ Sinjeon-jachwi-yeomsobang-eonhae (新傳煮取焰焇方諺解 1635/1685)
○ Maehwabeop (埋火法 In the middle of 18C?)
○ Sinjeon-jachobang (新傳煮硝方 1709?/1796)
Practically, these are almost all of Byeongseo Eonhae. On the whole, Byeongseo Eonhae shows characteristics of Korean speech in the 17th and 18th centuries. Byeongseo is classified into the kind of technical manual including medical literature, food literature and agricultural literature. The category of technical manual keeps the look of archaic word well that is hard to find in other kind of literatures such as Buddhism books, Confucianism books etc. Therefore, the notation system, phonological aspects and grammatical forms of the book is helpful in grasping the historical change of Korean. And its lexicon is valued as an important source that tells about the lives in 17th~18th centuries. This study started from the necessity of general consideration of the entire Byeongseo Eonhae documents.
The purpose of this study is offering answers about below three questions related to Byeongseo Eonhae documents.
1. How can the corpus to complement for weak intuition of old language be established and what is the result of the Byeongseo Eonhae corpus after established?
2. What is the bibliographical characteristics of each Byeongseo Eonhae document and how can the entire lineage be established?
3. What is the characteristics of 17th and 18th centuries Korean that is reflected on the notation of Byeongseo Eonhae document and what is the characteristics of lexicon?
The answer to the question 1 is presented in chapter 1, and following is the summary.
The correlation between the phonetic form and its meaning becomes solid through frequent use. However it is hard to conclude how frequently it should be used before its correlation is established. Moreover, if it is archaic word not available anymore, it is harder to judge the correlation between the phonetic form and its meaning. In this case, it is frequency of each linguistic unit that can be taken as a ground of judgement. The best way to grasp the frequency of a linguistic unit is to establish an electrical corpus according to the method of corpus linguistics and to treat it by an analysis applications. The merit in establishing the electrical corpus is not only the identification of frequency of use, but fast search of the source of unit itself and precise assorting of the phonological and morphological using environment of the linguistic unit. Instead of linguistic intuition, this might be the most efficient means that helps us understand the form and content of archaic word.
This study investigated actual document and digital image, and typed all the original text and Eonhae of Byeongseo on a word processor to make electrical text. However, Byeonghak-jinam had too many different versions to input, so only 8 versions which have great difference of notation were made the object of electrical text. Consequently the entire electrical corpus established is about 89,000 syntagma and 290,000 characters. Among them, the size of Eonhae except the original text is about 72,000 syntagma and 198,000 characters that became the object of intensive analysis in this thesis. The full text of electrical corpus is attached as appendix 1 and the index of syntagma is attached as appendix 2.
The answer to the question 2 is presented in chapter 2, and following is the summary.
Published in Joseon after Imjin-waeran(Hideyosi's Invasion of Korea), Byeongseo was influenced mostly by Jixiao-xinshu (紀效新書) written by Oi, Ji-Guang(戚繼光 1528~1588), a Chinese general in the early Ming Dynasty. Especially all the Byeongseos treated in this thesis except the category of military scriptures are related with Jixiao-xinshu directly or indirectly. Therefore to interpret any difficult passage in Byeongseo Eonhae document, the corresponding part of Jixiao-xinshu should be referred.
There are about 200 kinds of Byeonseo published in Joseon, of which Eonhae includes the aforementioned list and those are almost all. The standard character in Joseon Dynasty was Chinese character and Hangeul(the Korean alphabet) was an exceptional notation. The reason some out of so many Byeonseo were selected as the object of Eonhae is that such Eonhae Byeonseo had a special meaning. According to the motive for writing revealed on the epilogue of Byeonghak-jinam Unbongyeong version and the preface of Singan-samnyak-eonhae, it was the special meaning to make the military drill best or to help prepare the military service examination. Therefore the Korean language on the Byeongseo Eonhae documents in 17th and 18th centuries might be the language that officers, soldiers and the applicants to the military service examination listened to or spoke in general. If any vocabularies or expressions appear never in other documents but in this document only, it must be the special features of their language different from that of other classes.
Martial arts Byeongseo describes the directions on various close range arms except archery. The objective of description was to improve capability of using individual carried arms. The earliest one is Muye-jebo that includes 6 kinds of arts. A sequel of Muye-jebo, in which 4 arts are added that were omitted in Muye-jebo, was annotated by Han, Gyo(韓嶠 1556-1627) just like Muye-jebo. Mugi-sinsik (武技新式 1759), a revised and enlarged edition of those, was allegedly once published, but not handed down now. Muye-dobo-tongji-eonhae was published according to the royal command to inherit and develop the Mugi-sinsik. This might be a definitive edition of martial arts Byeongseo that shows the extensive historical research and beautiful and remarkable print. This edition includes total 24 arts of which the practical techniques of drill are annotated. Varied vocabularies for many physical movements are described in the martial arts Byeongseo.
Military drill Byeongseo is the sort of training manual about action rules by combat situation, military formation and signal method day and night. Martial arts Byeongseo puts focus on the improvement of individual combat ability and Military drill Byeongseo puts focus on the improvement of unit combat ability. Yeonbyeong-jinam describes especially the integrated tactics of combat wagon, cavalry and infantry that are prepared for Northern defence. Byeonghak-jinam (early 17th century to 1813) is composed of 4~5 volumes, but only volume 1 and 2 is annotated. This document was the basic military drill book in Joseon Dynasty and main government offices nationwide revised and published it to be fit for their own barracks. Accordingly about 20 different versions are left today. The annotation or notation of those versions are a little different each other showing the change of Korean language over about 2 centuries.
The volume 1 and 2 of Byeonghak-jinam was translated into Korean respectively in different period. First annotation(Eonhae) of the volume 1 is presumed to be carried out by Han, Gyo in the early 17th century and that was revised by Choi, Suk(崔橚 1646-1708) in 1684 and by Lee, Yu-gyeong(李儒敬 1747-?) in 1787 respectively. The annotation of Byeolhuyeong version published in 1708 can be seen as belonging to an independent lineage as it is much different from other versions. Volume 2 was first annotated by Choi, Suk in 1684 with Chinese and Korean characters mixed, then revised on a large scale by Lee, Yu-gyeong in 1787 changing it into exclusive Korean notation. The different versions of Byeonghak-jinam are classified into 6 categories in general, when putting together the introductory remarks and bibliographical information of epilogue based on the content of reference that is attached in the end of volume 3. The significance of such differentiation in the history of Korean language is that the revision of Byeonghak-jinam over 2 centuries resulted in providing the 6 paradigms to the historical research on 17th and 18th centuries Korean language.
Jinbeop-eonhae includes no Chinese characters so that it is not Eonhae in form. However, most of the content are corresponding to the original Chinese text of Byeonghak-jinam, so it should be regarded as an actual Eonhae document. What makes it especially remarkable is the annotation(Eonhae) of volume 5, which has never been found in any versions of Byeonghak-jinam so far published, takes about 70% of the text. Jinbeop-eonhae was published with the same intention of compilation as that of Byeonghak-jinam in 9 years after Choi, Suk completed the manuscript of Unbongyeong version of Byeonghak-jinam. Therefore this can practically be a sequel to Byeonghak-jinam. With this, most contents of the Byeonghak-jinam except the volume 3 and 4 that only include various maps of battle formation is meant to be annotated.
All 3 documents of military scriptures Byeongseo are what annotates the anonymous ancient Chinese Byeongseo Sānlüè (三略). All the Byeongseo Eonhae documents are related with Jixiao-xinshu (紀效新書) except these documents. The content of Sānlüè, whether it is a soldier or a military unit, is far from improvement of the actual combat ability. It is the sort of Byeongseo that emphasizes the political position and ethical attitude that the king and the gentry must keep in mind in treating military matters. Sānlüè is a Byeongseo that emphasizes the significance of stratagem rather than tactics. The annotation of Sānlüè is presumed to have been existed in 17th century, but Singan-samnyak-eonhae is the oldest out of currently existing. In this document, a lot of Chinese vocabularies are not translated into the native tongue, but only thier notations are changed into Korean letters. Singan-jeungbo-samnyak-jikhae and Singan-jeungbo-samnyak show a considerable difference between their Chinese texts, but little difference between their annotations. Judging from the aspect of 2 documents' notation, it is the Singan-jeungbo-samnyak-jikhae that reflects the appearance of Korean language more realistically in between the end of 18th and the early 19th century.
Firearms Byeongseo includes instructions of various guns as long range arms, how to mix gunpowder and manufacture of potassium nitrate that is main component of gunpowder. Only a part of Singi-bigyeol is annotated with Hangeul. This document, however, includes several noticeable vocabularies including ‘쇠이’ in which <ㆁ>(old i-eung) is used. Hwaposik-eonhae is a basic book of this kind in which general matters on firearms are annotated. There are 3 different versions of Hwaposik-eonhae that do not show any clear difference in terms of content of annotation or notation. Sinjeon-jachwi-yeomsobang-eonhae and Maehwabeop are always bound with the Hwaposik-eonhae and can not be said an independent document in the strict sense. Maehwabeop is the document that describes how to lay a land mine in brief. In Hwaposik-eonhae and Sinjeon-jachwi-yeomsobang-eonhae, various types of Habyong-Byeongseo[合用竝書: combined letters with different type] are used and lots of phrases with the composition of ‘quantifier＋noun of measure’ appear. Sinjeon-jachobang is the revised edition of Sinjeon-jachwi-yeomsobang-eonhae and includes the manufacturing process of potassium nitrate in detail. First annotation seems to have been carried out in 1698, but has not been handed down. In this document, various Gakja-Byeongseo[各字竝書: combined letters with same type] are used and a rare words are visible that are invisible in other documents.
The answer to the question 3 is presented in chapter 3 and chapter 4, and following is the summary.
The first step to understand the characteristics of 17th~18th centuries Korean language in Byeongseo Eonhae documents is to analyze the aspect of notation. The analysis of the aspect of notation begins from grasping what kind of letters are used in the document. After removing all the Chinese characters that is included in Eonhae paragraph as well as the original Chinese text in the Byeongseo corpus, the amount of Hangeul syllabic character was 183,511 characters which are classified into initial sound letter, medial sound letter and final sound letter. As a result, following is the list of identified letters. [arranged in a row in the order of frequent use]
○ Initial sound letter :
ㅇ ㄹ ㄱ ㅎ ㄷ ㄴ ㅁ ㅅ ㅂ ㅈ ㅊ ㅌ ㅍ ㅄ ㅋ ㅼ ㅺ ㅆ ㅽ
ㅳ ㄸ ㅶ ᄣ ㄲ ᄥ ㅃ ᄢ ㅲ ᄦ ᄩ ㅄㅌ ᄴ ᄸ ᄻ
○ Medial sound letter :
ㅏ ㅣ ㅗ ㆍ ㅡ ㅕ ㅓ ㅜ ㅢ ㅑ ㆎ ㅘ ㅔ ㅐ ㅚ ㅖ
ㅠ ㅛ ㅟ ㆌ ㅝ ㅒ ㆉ ㅞ ㅙ ᅿ
○ Final sound letter :
ㄴ ㄹ ㅇ ㅁ ㄱ ㅅ ㅂ ㄷ ㄼ ㄺ ㄻ ㆁ ㄱㄹ ㅂㄹ ㅈ
The environment in which the medial sound letter is used was classified into the beginning of a word, the midst of a word and the end of a word, and their examples were compared with each other. Consequently, a few of phonological characteristics could be found that are related with vowel. Byeongseo Eonhae documents in 17th~18th centuries had no example of a syntagma that begins with <>. Paraphrase, there is no entirely <> that is used through mistake. This is a counterevidence that dephonologization of /ㆍ/ has not yet been completed at the beginning of a word at least. When notating words with the same environment of phonology and morphology, there are rare confusion of <에> and <예>, or <애> and <얘>, suggesting /ㅔ/ and /ㅐ/ yet to be established as the single vowel. The mix of <오> and <우>, or <야> and <여> are used to notate the affix that is combined with the end of the same stem or the ending of a word, showing the weakened consciousness of vowel harmony notation. In many cases, half-vowel /j/ is included or not included in notating the same vocabulary, suggesting i-umlaut being progressed extensively.
The environment in which the initial sound letter is used was classified into the beginning of a word and the midst of a word, and their examples were compared with each other. Consequently, a few of phonological characteristics could be found that are related with consonant. Habyong-Byeongseo is used 3 kinds(ㅂ order, ㅅ order and ㅄ order), of which nothing showed onset cluster judging from the aspect of notation in the environment of the beginning of a word and the midst of a word. Most of them played the role of fortis sign. The fact that ‘ㅷ’ of ㅂ order, ‘ᄸ, ᄻ’ of ㅅ order and ‘ㅄㅌ’ of ㅄ order showed aspirate and the tendency that Gakja-Byeongseo showing fortis increase suggested that there was more or less confusing in the cognitive function of ㅂ, ㅅ and ㅄ as fortis sign. On the other hand, the frequency of ‘ㅆ’ as Gakja-Byeongseo showing fortis is the highest, but ‘ㄸ, ㄲ, ㅃ, ᄴ’ were also used. The reason why ‘ㅉ’ is invisible is that ‘ㅶ, ㅾ, ᄦ’ were still playing their role faithfully.
The environment in which the final sound letter is used was classified into the midst of a word and the end of a word, and their examples are compared with each other. Consequently, a few of phonological characteristics could be found that are related with consonant. Syllable-final consonants of high frequency are sonorant sounds like /ㄴ/, /ㄹ/, /ㅇ/ and /ㅁ/. And those of relatively low frequency are obstructive sounds like /ㄱ/, /ㄷ/ and /ㅂ/. <ㅅ> is dominant in notation, but it is 7 final sound system without /ㅅ/ in pronunciation. In case of restricting it into the end of a word, the functional load of /ㄱ/ and /ㄷ/ is much greater than that of /ㅇ/ and /ㅁ/. It is because /ㅇ/, /ㅁ/ and /ㅂ/ are mostly used as syllable-final consonant in the midst of a word. A velar nasal /ㆁ/ that competes with /ㅇ/ has a little of its trace only in Muye-jebo and Singi-bigyeol. There are coda clusters including // and //, and // is very rare.
Documents with notation of Dongeum(Korean traditional sound of Chinese letter) include the entire martial arts, the entire firearms except Sinjeon-jachobang and the Singan-samnyak-eonhae of military scriptures. In other documents, the Chinese character sound can indirectly be assumed through the Sino-Korean notated by Hangeul in the annotation. By classifying these documents into the case of Sino-Korean of middle Korean being maintained, the case of Sino-Korean being changed and the case of hypercorrection appearing and comparing their examples with each other, the phonological aspects which were already completed in 17th~18th centuries or would be developed after 19th century could be discovered. ‘銃, 進, 出’, which were written down as <츙, 진, 츌> in middle Korean, were notated as <튱, 딘, 튤> reversely by error. In addition, ‘戰, 鐵, 持’ were notated as both <뎐, 텰, 디> and <젼, 쳘, 지> proving the completion of t-palatalization. The ‘佛, 不’, which were written down as <불> in middle Korean, were notated as <블> reversely by error proving the completion of labialization. ‘兩냥, 靈녕’ show the notation before /n/ initial law and ‘書셔, 手슈’ show the notation before monophthongization occurred under the frictional sound.
Followings are a few of characteristics related with grammatical form.
{-이} is dominant as nominative postposition and the new nominative postposition {-가} appears only in Sinjeon-jachobang. As the phonological environment is confined to vowels of /ㅣ/ order, the nominative postposition {-가} seemed not to be established a different form of {-이} until the early 18th century. The objective postposition is used {-를} under vowel and is used {-을} under consonant like the middle Korean. Exceptionally, when the final sound of the stem is [ㄹ], {-를} is used, and when that is [ㅣ] and [ㆍ], even {-을} is used. Distinctively in Singan-jeungbo-samnyak, {-를} is used indiscriminately regardless of phonological environment. As for genitive postposition, {-의} is used dominantly. {-ㅅ}, still remaining just as the sign of compound word in modern Korean language, is actively used as a genitive postposition, but should be called the sign of compound word rather than a genitive postposition in not a few cases. {-} is widely used in middle Korean as a vowel harmony alternant for {-의}, but its examples are no more found except ‘나라[國]’ and ‘올[鴨]’. As locative postposition, {-에}, {-애}, {-} and {-의} are used differently according to morphological environment. If the final sound of the stem is confined to [ㅁ], {-에} and {-의} would be combined with noun and not with the nominalization of an inflected word. {-} and {-애} are widely used for the nominalization of an inflected word and noun, but the frequency of {-} is not so high. There is no trace found that vowel harmony is considered in selecting locative postposition. As vocative postposition, {-하} and {-아} are used in Yeonbyeong-jinam. {-하} of middle Korean was combined with a honorific noun to correspond to the honorific pre-final ending {-시-} or {--}, but here it is no different from {-아}.
The honorific pre-final endings were rarely used except a few examples of subject honorific due to the characteristics of Byeongseo with imperative sentences all over. As aspectual pre-final endings, {-앗-}, {-리-}, {-더-} and {--} are actively used with clear tense. {-겟-} do not appear yet. The modal pre-final endings were simplified in general and principle mood {-니-} is used a lot due to the characteristics of Byeongseo with instructive attitude. The exclamation {-도-} and {-로-} are seldom seen only in Sinjeon-jachobang. As the pre-final ending {-오-} as gerund composition and speaker mark, it is omitted in high frequency suggesting its grammatical function has become obscure. Imperative {-라} and descriptive {-니라} or {-이라} take most of sentence endings, and interrogative {-냐}, {-가} and {-고} are seldom seen. The connecting ending {-도록} had also the meaning function corresponding to {-ㄹ수록} in the present Korean.
There are abundant military related vocabularies in Byeongseo Eonhae documents that are rarely used in the present army. Most of them are Chinese characters, but there are also not a few native tongues. Followings are several impressive examples among them.
수군[車兵], [馬兵], 도리채[鞭棍], 말암쇠[蒺藜], 창 밀[槍尾], 밋뒤다히[根後], 밋몸[根粗], [車輪], 구레[轡], 퉁가마[銅鍋], 딜두모[陶盆], 근쇠[淸鐵], 방하쇠, 두에쇠, 블호령, 곱뎡삽[曲鍤], 서래[三夫版鍤], 즹[金], 불묵금[縛火], 마양이 가지[鞍橋], 손구, 구, 궁동이, 샃, 주머귀, 목쥴되, etc.
Many uncommon words which aren't often used and some difficult words which don't fit into traditional morphological patterns feature here. Followings are several impressive examples among them.
앗라[進], 전즐워[通], 셔게[起脊], 골지게[有血漕], 지조로디[壓], 겨[卽時], 그어[抽], 돏[定], [零], 도모돈[摠], 근쇠[淸鐵], 믈겨, 뒤볼 굿[厠坑], 어긔롭거나[違], 드이[聽], 니이[連], 조안좀[小頓坐], 어둑[動], 붓내[揚], 져[制], 래[迲], 즈나[備], 슈굴너[勞], etc.
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