This thesis looked into linguistic characteristics of stereotypical speeches in Korean and Japanese and the perceptions of images of the two countries. A ‘stereotypical speech’ was advocated by Kinsui(金水, 2003), which was defined as follows:
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This thesis looked into linguistic characteristics of stereotypical speeches in Korean and Japanese and the perceptions of images of the two countries. A ‘stereotypical speech’ was advocated by Kinsui(金水, 2003), which was defined as follows:
“If one can bring a particular image of a person (age, sex, job, class, time, look and personality, etc.) in one’s head after listening to a person’s specific way of speaking (vocabulary, grammar, expression and intonation, etc.), or if a certain image of a person is presented when one can bring a particular way of speaking the person may use, the way of speaking is called ‘stereotypical speech.’”
This study borrows the concept of ‘stereotypical speech’ and set up the following two examples of Japanese and Korean stereotypical speeches:
(1) Japanese Language Reverse Component
(a) Majority of Japanese people when pronouncing a Korean native language, they have a tendency to use ‘もうチカン(時間)デチュ。コウジ(五時)デチュね。’ which can be seen in many lecture samples, hence their speech being less fluid in their articulation and pronunciation.
(b) Furthermore, when a Korean tries to imitate a native Japanese people by saying the phrase ‘이것도 맛있어 데스까?(Is this tasty-desuka)? as well as ‘desu(です)/desuka(ですか)’ and adding ‘desuka' into their Korean phrase while speaking can be possible as well as many other Koreans will instantaneously know it is a switch Japanese phrase. We call this reverse Japanese language component in Korea.
(2) Korean Language Reverse Component
(a) Different from above, oppositely when a Japanese person tries to utter a Korean phrase by saying ‘Gamusahamuida’ which originally pronounced ‘Gam-sa-ham-nida’. Also, ‘Kimuchi-itsumunika’ originally pronounced ‘Kimchi-itsuhmnika’ the final consonant sound is intertwined with the main vowel making it difficult to understand.
(b) Furthermore, when a Japanese person tries to imitate by uttering ‘これも食べるセヨ。おいしいニダ’ they have a tendency to mesh consonants and vowels while uttering ‘セヨ/ニダ’ which gives off hints as to when a Japanese person is trying to imitate a Korean. Hence, Japanese reverse Korean language component.
Above paragraphs explains reverse language components between Korean and Japanese languages using only part (b) as the primary example.
These examples are the main primaries for reverse language components between Japanese and Korean languages. Analyzing these examples through each pronunciation and grammatical characteristics as well as meaning of phrases have brought these conclusions between the two languages.
The collection of data for the analysis, considering the subjects of this study of which the data cannot be collected from books or newss, language data on ‘online communities’ are selected as its subjects. Of various online communities, ‘DCInside’ the largest online community in South Korea and ‘2ch,’ officially called DCInside in Japan is an online forum of anonymous users, were selected as the subjects of the analysis, the data were collected for one year, from January 1 through Dec. 31, 2012.
The results of the analysis from the above data can be summarized as follows:
First, the following structural characteristics can be found in Japanese stereotypical speeches.
(1) There is a tendency of vowelization.
(a) There is a phenomenon of ‘[t]→[d].’
(b) There is a phenomenon of ‘[k]→[g].’
(2) There is a phenomenon of adopting a phonological structure by adding an inserted vowel.
(a) The inserted vowel ‘[ɯ]’ is added to Korean vocabulary.
(b) It is found that the phonological structure of the vowel changes in the form of ‘[ə]→[o].’
(c) It is found that the phonological structure of the vowel changes in the form of ‘[ə]→[a],’ but no inserted vowel is added to the final consonant.
(3) The postposition ‘-no’ is used in addition, sometimes.
(a) There is a complex form of ‘noun/-no/noun/-no/adjective.’
(b) Most are used in the form of ‘noun/-no/noun.’
(4) Both polite style and non-polite style function.
This is because the two forms of polite and non-polite styles, function in antithesis expressions of the language used in ‘DCIncide.’
(5) The structure of the Korean language is used.
Of grammatical characteristics, as for ‘root/desu(ka),’ it is used by putting ‘desu(ka)’ to the root in the basic form of Korean language and using it instead of Korean final word ‘desu(ka).’
Next, the following results of analysis were obtained from Korean stereotypical speeches:
(1) Korean vocabularies are used.
(a) Articulation used by Japanese people who have learned Korean vocabulary such as ‘uri (ウリ), jjokbari (チョッパリ) and aigo (アイゴ)’ Koreans words can be frequently be found.
(b) Korean vocabularies with a final consonant are pronounced by Japanese phonological structure, inserting the vowel ‘[ɯ],’ which explains the use is comparable, just with a different object of the stereotypical speech.
(2) The Korean language is not perceived in Japan.
Regarding ‘ニダ’ and ‘ニカ’ only one Korean ‘マンセーニダ’ is used, therefore characteristically, majority are Japanese language hence, few Korean language are found, which may result from overall low awareness of Korean language in Japan.
(3) ‘ニダ’ is connected to the part where ‘です’ is supposed to be for the structure of Japanese language.
In all utterances using ‘ニダ’ and ‘ニカ’ at the end of a sentence, regardless of the kind and part of speech of the item put before, ‘ニダ’ is used by connection to the place in which ‘です’ is supposed to be, which can be seen that all are used for the structure of Japanese language.
As a result of an analysis of the structural characteristics (phonetic characteristics and grammatical characteristics) of Korean and Japanese stereotypical speeches as above, it was found how the images of the two countries appeared. The perceptions of the images of Korean and Japanese stereotypical speeches are summarized as follows:
(1) There are many playful uses of Japanese stereotypical speeches by Koreans who have learned Japanese.
(a) There are one utterance when two sentences are divided, using the same words between the first sentence and the second sentence or when pronouncing the structural words of Korean and Japanese in a similar way, the repetitional forms can be found.
(b) It is assumed that Japanese postposition or an auxiliary verb put in Korean words are used by learners of Japanese, judging from the many uses of Japanese in the sentences.
(2) Most images of Korean stereotypical speeches are used negatively.
(a) There are phenomena in which Japanese put ‘コリア(Korea)’ in the English pronunciation of Korea to the Japanese word ‘ウンコ(unko)’ meaning feces to refer to Koreans as ‘ウンコリア(feces Korea)’ or express ‘ニダ’ as a Korean character as well as Korean language and pronounce ‘ニダ’ put at the end of a sentence reversely as ‘ダニ(mite)’ to depreciate Koreans.
(b) There is ‘< ｀∀´>’ looking like a face with angry eyes and an angry mouth like which may include an image of Korean-Japanese people and Korean residents in Japan as well as a small range of Koreans.
Recently, it is said that there is a phenomenon of putting Korean stereotypical speech, ‘-imnida’ or ‘-seumnida’ as in ‘Mao Zedong ssi(i)mnida’ at the end of a sentence in China. In the future, it is planned to expand the perspective on the stereotypical speeches in Korean and Japanese to Chinese and look into the characteristics of Korean stereotypical speech Chinese people utter, as well.
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